الفهرس 
Secondary metabolitesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study included two parts. The first comprised experiments that were conducted at the cell level using tissue culture technique. The second was concerned with the seedling stage and comprised experiments conducted in green house. Tissue culture experiments were carried out in order to assess the possible effects of calcium nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO at concentration of 100 and 50 µM, respectively on the growth and some metabolic activities of Lupinus termis callus at 30 days of growth. The experimental plant tissues were grown in culture using B5 medium amended with either different concentrations of CdCl2 (20, 40 and 60 mg/l) or calcium nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO at concentrations of 100 and 50 µM,respectively. Application of calcium nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO and their mixture mixed with Cd significantly increased all growth parameters of callus at 30 days in comparison to their Cd counterparts. The activity of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was reduced by applying nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO to media having different concentrations of Cd. On contrary, the activity of both glutathione reductase (GR) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was pronouncely enhanced by addition of nano Ca either Ca(OH)2 or CaO or their mixture to 60 mg/l Cd. The influence of Ca nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO and their mixture on Lupinus callus in presence of Cd was evident in the significant decreased content of proline,malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2, and the significant increase in the inhibition percentage (DPPH). The content of total soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids was markedly increased at 40 mg/l Cd mixed with nano CaO, while the content of total soluble protein was increased at 20 mg/l Cd combined with nano CaO. Starch content was increased only by addition of Ca nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO and their mixture to 60 mg/l Cd.Secondary metabolites analysis of lupine callus revealed a significant increase in the content of total phenolics and flavonoids and a decrease in total alkaloids content at 60 mg/l by addition of nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2or CaO and their mixture. The saponin content was slightly increased at 40 and 60 mg/l Cd, while the tannin content was increased at 20 and 40 mg/l Cd. Isozyme profile of POD and amylase in callus showed 2 isoforms of POD and three isoforms of amylase varied in their intensity and thickening in response to different treatments. GC.MS profile of the callus demonstrated the presence of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in high percentage known with its antimicrobial biological activity which increases the medicinal value of the lupin plant. Also, Lupanine was identified in varied percentages in response to different treatments. A greenhouse experiment showed that addition of calcium nanoparticles either Ca(OH)2 or CaO at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) increased growth parameters,photosynthetic pigments and shoot phenolics contents of Lupinus termis seedlings relative to bulk CaCO3 at the same concentrations. On contrary, the content of total soluble carbohydrates and protein of root and shoot and the phenolic compounds of root was significantly decreased