الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbance in the metabolism of macromolecules. The prevalence of diabetes among Egyptians varies by region and age. Complications of DM include micro vascular diabetic complications such as nephropathy and retinopathy. Bilirubin is a waste toxic product, however its role as an endogenous anti-oxidant was studied.
Aim:
To investigate the role of bilirubin in the progression of nephropathy and retinopathy in type (2) diabetes patients.
Subjects and Methods:
This was conducted on 4 groups, healthy controls, diabetics without complications, diabetics with retinopathy and diabetics with nephropathy. The samples of participants were collected from the Research Institute of Ophthalmology. Laboratory investigations were performed for participants including; urine albumin/creatinine ratio, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C), serum total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL (High density lipoprotein –cholesterol) and fasting blood glucose. All parameters were measured by using usual commercial kits except HBA1C which was measured by using libona system. The statistical package for social science (SPSS version 21) was used for data analysis