الفهرس 
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Abstract
The Egyptian economy is suffering from a chronic budget deficit, so the budget deficit is a focus of the attention of the decision-maker, especially after trade openness in Egypt. In
May 1991, the Egyptian government concluded an agreement with the International Monetary Fund; where it had many effects on the Egyptian economy. This agreement was known
as the economic reform program. Accordingly, this study sought to examine the impact of trade openness on budget deficit in Egypt and estimate the impact of some variables
such as GDP per capita, inflation, and lending interest rate on budget deficit by using Vector Error Correction Model
(VECM) Method, program (Eviews 7), and annual data for the period (1991 - 2018). In the e~d, this study found the
following: in long run, there is a positive and significant impact of growth rate of GDP per capita and inflation on the budget deficit. In addition, it found that there is a negative and significant impact of trade openness and lending interest
rate on the budget deficit. In short run, there is a positive and
significant impact of growth rate of GDP per capita, there is a negative impact of trade openness, inflation, and lending interest rate on budget deficit.