الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 136 |  |  |
| | | from | 136 | | |
Abstract
1-Preference of certain food without and with additives by Nile rat Arvicanthus iloticus:-
The preference ratios by using the addition of groundnut oil 2% plus sugar 2% to wheat, sorghum, rice, crushed maize and the cracked broad bean were 50.4, 56.6, 54.5, 50.8 and 63.6. The total intake values per a day of each food and the food supplemented with groundnut oil + sugar were 12.9, 14.5, 12.3, 11.8 and 6.6 g /100g body weight, respectively. The counted preference ratios of wheat, sorghum, rice, grinded maize and crushed broad bean mixed with coriander plus sugar (2+2%) were 50.4, 54.9, 53.3, 50.4 and 60.6.. The total intake values of each tested food with the supplemented food of coriander + sugar were 12.7, 14.2, 12.0, 11.7 and 6.6 g/ 100g body weight, respectively.
As for the addition of anise 2% plus sugar 2% as supplementary item to wheat, sorghum, rice, crushed maize and crushed bean gave preference ratios of 50.4, 54.2, 52.5, 50.4 and 59.7, respectively. However total intake values of the tested food items with these foods mixed with anise plus sugar as food supplements were 13.1, 14.2, 12.0, 11.3 and 6.7 g/ 100g body wt., respectively. Yeast + sugar (2%+2%) surpassed other supplementary items attaining preference ratios by 50.7, 58.0, 56.3, 54.3 and 66.2 with daily intake value of 13.4, 15.0, 12.8, 12.7 and 7.1g/ 100g body wt. with wheat, sorghum, rice, crushed maize and crushed bean, respectively.
2-Cereals and legumes preferred by A. niloticus:-
The total consumptions from cereals whole and cracked in the 1st day of the trial were 3.1, 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.9 g / 100 g body wt. of wheat, maize, sorghum ,rice and barely, respectively. The total intake from whole and cracked cereals in the 2nd day exceled the intake in the 1st day recording 3.4, 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 g / 100 g body wt., consecutively. The total accounted consumptions from these cereals (whole and cracked) in the 3rd day recorded the highest amounts of 5.4, 1.6, 2.4, 2.8 and 1.6 g/ 100g body wt., respectively. The counted total consumptions of these foods (wheat, maize, sorghum, rice and barely) in the 4th day were reduced than the 3rd day recording 3.9, 1.8, 2.1, 2.5 and 0.9 g /100 g of body wt., respectively. At the 5th day (the trial finale) the total consumed of both whole and grinded cereals reduced to be 3.2, 1.3, 1.8, 2.4 and 0.8 with wheat, maize, sorghum, rice and barely, respectively. Total consumption of lentil, fenugreek, cowpea, broad-bean, soybean, sweet pea and groundnut (whole and grinded) in the 1st day were 1.2, 0.0, 2.4, 0.7, 1.6, 2.7 and 3.2 g /100g body wt., respectively. In the 2nd day the total consumed amounts of lentil, fenugreek, cowpea, broad-bean, soybean, sweet pea and groundnut in the 2nd day were 1.6, 0.0, 2.3, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1 and 3.2 g /100 g body wt., respectively. The 3rd day recorded the highest consumed values from lentil, fenugreek, cowpea, broad-bean, soybean, sweet pea and groundnut these values were as follows 2.0, 0.0, 2.2, 1.4, 1.9, 3.2 & 3.4 g /100g body wt., from the total (whole and grinded), respectively. The 4th day of trial show less total consumption than that of the 3rd day recording 1.9, 0.0, 2.1, 1.0, 1.6, 3.0 and 3.2 g/ 100g body wt., respectively. In the last day of the trial (5th day) the intake of legume food items was in similar and didn’t differ obviously than the consumption of the 4th day recording the total intake of the whole and grinded legumes as follows 1.6, 0.0, 2.0, 1.3, 1.7, 3.0 and 3.1 g / 100 g body wt., respectively.
3-Population densities of A. niloticus in Minia Governorate during 2016 and 2017:-
Population density estimated by the consumption of food in Maghagha, Sam allot, Minia and Mallawy districts, Minia Governorate indicated that in Maghagha district the less population densities during 2016 were recorded in January, February and December, 2016 by 6, 7, 7, and 6 / day/ 1000m2, respectively. On the contrary the highest population densities, 16 and 15 / day/ 1000 m2 were recorded in October and November, respectively. The estimated grand mean during 2016 in Maghagha district was 10/ day/ 1000 m2.
The population of A. niloticus in Maghagha district during 2017. were in the similar trends with 2016 results whereas the low densities were in January, February and December, recording 6, 7, and 5/ day/ 1000 m 2, respectively. Moderate number (11/ day/ 1000m2) was recorded in Jun and September. High populations 16 and 15/ day / 1000 m2 were recorded in October and November, respectively. The estimated grand mean was 9/ day/1000 m2.
Population densities during 2016 in Samallot district were low in January, February and December recording 7, 7 and 6 /day/ 1000m2 in contrary the high populations 17 and 16/ day/ 1000 m2 were observed in October and November. Moderate population 12/ day/1000 m2 was observed in both Jun and September. Grand mean during 2016 in Samallot district was 10 / day/ 1000m2
During 2017 population density of the Nile rat in Samallot district recorded the highly significant density (16 /day/ 1000 m2 ) in October and the least recorded density was 5/ day/ 1000 m2 was recorded during December. The grand mean of the Nile rat population in Samallot during 2017 was 9 /day/ 1000m2.
In Minia district during 2016 the least recorded population 5/ day/ 1000 m2 was attained in December. While the highest recorded mean number 19/ day/ 1000m2 was in October 2016. In March and August the recorded population was 9/ day/ 1000m2. The grand mean in Minia district 2016 was 11/ day/ 1000m2. The second year 2017 gave population slightly less than in 2016 whereas the population density of A. niloticus in October was 17/ day in contrary to 6 in December and the grand mean was 10/ day/ 1000 m2
In Mallawy district during 2016, the high density 20/ day/ 1000 m2 was recorded in October and the least number 7 was recorded in December. The grand mean was 13/ day/ 1000m2.
The fluctuation of the population in Mallawy district during 2017 indicating high population 18/ day/ 1000m2 in October and the least number 7/ day/ 1000m2 in December. The grand mean was 11/ day/ 1000m2.
It was obvious the superior of the population recorded in 2016 than in 2017. On the other hand the superior of the recorded population of Nile rat in Mallawy district than other tested districts.
4-Damage caused by A. niloticus on tomato plantations in Minia district, Minia Governorate during 2016 & 2017:-
The mean Damage caused by Nile rat of on tomato plants in Minia district during 2016 was at least (1.9 %) in January and gradually increased to the maximum 4.2 % in October 2016. There are positive correlations between the damage and the estimated population densities of Nile rat, whereas the low recorded population density 7/ day / 1000 m 2 in January correlated with the low recorded damage (1.9 % ) on tomato plants. The high population of Nile rat, 17 / day/ 1000 m2 recorded in October 2016 synchronized with the high recorded damage, 4.2 %. In general the estimated positive and significant correlation value (0.900) recorded between damage percentage of tomato and the population density of Nile rat in Minia district during 2016. Damage on tomato related with the recorded population of Nile rat in Minia district during 2017 increased gradually also from January even October whereas the low population 1.7 % was observed in December 2017 while the high population was 4.6 % in October. These results of damages ranged between1.8 to 4.6 synchronized the population density ranged between 7 and 17/ day/ 1000 m2 .The estimated correlation value between the damage of tomato and population density in 2017 was positive and significant recording 0.97.
5-Damage caused by A. niloticus on wheat plantations in Minia district, Minia Governorate during 2016 & 2017:-
As for the damage caused by Nile rat on wheat during the two successive seasons 2016 and 2017 two stages of cereal development could be distinguished, the pasty stage and mature stage. Damage percentages in the two stages differed whereas the damage was high in mature stage than in pasty stage whereas the general mean of damage in pasty stage was 12.25% and it was 18.9 % in mature stage during 2016.
The incident damage in 2016 surpassed other happened in 2017 whereas the general mean of damage was 10.3% and 16.4 % in pasty and mature stage of 2017 wheat plantation, respectively.
6-Reduction of A. niloticus number treated with certain different anticoagulants rodenticides during 2015 &2016 under Minia Governorate conditions:
Reduction in A. niloticus population by using certain anticoagulant rodenticides after 21 days from treatment under field conditions of Minia Governorate during 2015 differed from rodenticide to other. Racumin surpassed other rodenticides in controlling Nile rat under Minia field conditions by reduction of 87 %.
Klerat was retarded recording reduction of 65 % of Nile rat population . Moderate effect was attained by Tomorin and Super-Caid recording reduction percentages of 74 and 78 %, respectively.
The reduction percentages in population density of A. niloticus resultant the field application with certain rodenticides under Minia Governorate conditions after the harvest of the summer crops 2016 by rodenticides Racomin, Super-Caid, Tomorin and Klerat reduced population of Nile rat after 21 days post- treatment were in descending order as follows 84, 78, 73 and 66 %, respectively.