الفهرس 
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Abstract
The dramatic increase in the prevalence and clinical impact of infections caused by bacteria producing carbapenemases is a global health concern. Carbapenemase production is especially problematic when encountered in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This study included 30 isolates of carbapenems non susceptible enterobactericae isolates from different samples.The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of carbapenemases coding genes(bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM) and to type the plasmid in these isolates with a simplified plasmid replicon typing procedure.Molecular identification for carbapenemases-coding genes were carried out by Uniplex PCR reactions with primer specific for these genes conserved sequences. Plasmid typing was done by PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) targeting the replicons of the major plasmid families occurring in Enterobacteriaceae (HI2, HI1, I1-γ, X, L/M, N, FIA, FIB, FIC, W, Y, P, A/C, T, K, B/O).The most common isolated resistant organism was Klebsiella pneumonia 10 (33.3%),followed by E.coli 8 (26.7%) Enterobacter cloacae 5 (16.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (13.3%) and Citrobacter freundii 3 (10.0%). The frequrncy of detected resistance genes was,bla NDM 15 (50%),followed by bla VIM 9 (30%),bla IMP 8(26.7%),bla KPC 7(23.3%).It is to be noted that dual ,triple or even quadriple carbapenemases resistant genes were detected in some isolates(multiresistance genes).There was statistically significant difference in plasmid detection among different organisms in Citrobacter freundii (0%) versus Klebsiella pneumonia (100%), E. coli (100%) and Enterobacter cloacae (100%).Meanwhile there was no significant difference between them and pseudomonas aeruginosa also there was statistically significant difference between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii. The most frequently plasmid detected were FIB,I1α,FIIK,FIA and R followed by A/C,FII then X1,P and L replicons. Some strains showed no detected genes with no detected plasmid with the possibility of other resistance mechanisms other than carbapenemase production or presence of other carbapenemase genes other than tested in this study. Some strains showed detected genes with no detected plasmid with the possibility of presence of small plasmid or prescence of these genes on the bacterial chromosome. Some strains showed no detected genes with plasmid detected with the possibility of prescence of other carbapenemase producing genes on these plasmid other than tested in this study.