الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of XP finisher file, XP finisher R file and Passive ultrasonic irrigation on the removal of smear layer after root canal retreatment.
A total of 75 human single rooted teeth were used in this study. Decoronization was done, after root length was determined, instrumentd using I-Race rotary files. Roots were filled with gutta-percha and Total-fill bioceramic sealer using vertical condensation technique. Retreatment was performed with D-Race rotary files with the help of solvent (carvene).
Samples were randomly divided into three experimental groups; XP finisher R group, XP finisher group, Passive ultrasonic irrigation group and two control groups (positive and negative) after removal of filling materials according to activation protocol.
To evaluate smear layer removal; longitudinal sections were desiccated and gold sputtered to be viewed using scanning electron microscope. Images were taken for the coronal, middle and apical regions. The percentages of cleaned area in each third of the canal were determined using image J software. Data collected and statistically analyzed.
Results showed that none of the experimental activation techniques used resulted in perfect canal cleanliness. However Xp finisher R file and Xp finisher file showed significantly better cleaning ability to remove smear layer compared to Passive ultrasonic irrigation in all thirds of root canals.