الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Irrigation is a key part of successful root canal treatment. It has several important functions, which may vary according to the irrigant used, it dissolves tissue, it has a washing effect and an antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect. Irrigation is also the only way to impact those areas of the root canal wall not touched by mechanical instrumentation. However, they must not be the only solutions used. The apical root canal imposes a special challenge to irrigation as the balance between safety and effectiveness is particularly important in this area. Different means of delivery are used for root canal irrigation, from traditional syringe-needle delivery to various machine-driven systems, including sonic or ultrasonic energy.
In this study we were aiming to evaluate the effect of two irrigation activation technique (ultrasonic and sonic) using three different irrigant solutions which are Propolis,CHX and NaOCl regarding canal cleanliness (debris removal) and antibacterial effect.
By examination of the samples under environmental scanning electron microscope for debris removal, it was found that NaOCl with ultrasonic activation showed the highest amount of debris removal followed by the same irrigant solution but with sonic activation. CHX showed lesser effect with ultrasonic followed by sonic activation and least amount of debris removal was scored by propolis with sonic activation followed by ultrasonic activation, as regarding that the middle third of root canal was the most clean area in all samples.
While comparing the antibacterial effect using CFU count and cone focal laser microscopy, it was found that CHX with both activation techniques showed the highest bacterial reduction followed by propolis with ultrasonic activation then sonic activation and least was recorded by NaOCl with sonic activation followed by ultrasonic activation.