الفهرس 
CONTENTSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Limb ischemia may occur due to emboli, thrombosis, trauma to the vessels and application of tourniquet during surgery. Reperfusion of the ischemic extremity is essential for saving the limb. However, after reperfusion, complex inflammatory cascades are activated which can worsen ischemic tissue damage and lead to local and systemic inflammatory reaction.
There is growing interest in utilization of herbal and food plants in prevention of several diseases. Garlic had long been known historically as flavoring substance, food and medicine that improve health. Garlic had many beneficial effects as anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic. Also, it has anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant and detoxification properties. However, garlic effects on skeletal muscle IR and the possible mechanisms involved have not been well elucidated.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of aqueous garlic extract on skeletal muscle after hind limb ischemic reperfusion (IR) in adult male rats and its possible mechanism(s) of action.
A total of fifty adult male Wister albino rats weighting 180-250 g were used for this study. The model for hind limb ischemia reperfusion was done by ligation of rubber bands bilaterally above the greater trochanter for 2 hours to induce ischemia. Reperfusion was initiated by removing the bands.
Rats were divided into five groups (10 animals each) as follows:
Control (C) group: served as control.
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) group: animals were subjected to 2 hours ischemia followed by 2 hours reperfusion (2/2hours IR).
Garlic 1 + ischemia reperfusion (G1 + IR) group: rats were injected by aqueous garlic extract (500 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 hours before 2/2 hours IR.
Garlic 2 + ischemia reperfusion (G2 + IR) group: was injected by aqueous garlic extract (500 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes before 2/2 hours IR.
Garlic 3 + ischemia reperfusion (G3 + IR) group: rats were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia and were injected by aqueous garlic extract (500 mg/kg, i.p.) immediately before reperfusion.
W/D ratio of the muscle, serum level of CK, IL-1β and IL-10, gastrocnemius desmin and caspase-3 expression were measured. In addition, gastrocnemius muscle histopathological examination was evaluated in all groups.
Our histological results confirmed the W/D ratio results as histopathological examination of H&E stained sections of gastrocnemius muscle showed severe tissue injuries characterized by muscle fiber degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, disorganization of the myofibril and increased intramuscular spaces indicating edema in the skeletal muscle of IR group compared to their controls.
Garlic extract administration 24 hours and 30 minutes before IR succeeded to reduce gastrocnemius W/D ratio, muscle fiber degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, disorganization of the myofibril and intramuscular edema.
The present study showed significant rise in serum total CK level in IR group when compared to their controls. This study demonstrated the protective effect of garlic against skeletal muscle IR-induced rise of serum CK. Administration of garlic 24 hours and 30 minutes before IR were effective in decreasing CK level.
The current work showed that IR of the hind limbs caused significant rise in serum level of IL-1β. However, garlic counterbalanced the IR-induced elevation of IL-1β in all treated groups. The effect was most prominent when garlic was given 24 hours before IR.
In addition, significant elevation of IL-10 serum level after exposure of the rat to IR was noticed. Garlic administration 24 hours and 30 minutes before IR significantly increased serum IL-10 level compared to control and IR groups. The elevated serum levels of IL-10 after garlic administration could be explained as a compensatory feedback defense mechanism against increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in IR, reducing inflammation and helping recovery.
This study demonstrated significant reduction in desmin expression in IR group compared to control group. Garlic significantly increased desmin expression in all garlic treated groups compared IR group. Administration of garlic 24 hours before IR resulted in the highest increase of desmin expression.
In the current study, the expression of caspase -3 was significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle of IR group compared to controls. Administration of garlic significantly decreased caspase-3 expression in all garlic treated groups compared to IR group. Garlic administration 24 hours before IR gave the most decrease in caspase-3 expression among the whole