الفهرس 
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Abstract
This dissertation presents a comparison of the provisions of four seismic building codes; Egyptian Code for Calculating Loads and Forces in Structural Work and Masonry; ECLF 2011, the Uniform Building Code; UBC 1997, the International Building Code; IBC 2015 and Eurocode 8; EC 8:2013. Since the UBC is still widely used among structural designers in developing countries, the question about comparing the four codes and obtaining conclusive results is an important research issue. This comparison has been verified through a sample of ten and twenty floor reinforced concrete (RC) models of residential buildings with different configuration. The buildings heights are thirty-one and sixty meters, respectively. Each of these model buildings is assumed to be located at Giza city in Egypt. The structural system of these buildings consists of simple frame and shear wall system; almost 95% of the population in developing countries resides in buildings with such structural system. The simple frame is used to carry the vertical loads; whereas, the shear walls are used to resist the seismic loads. The seismic forces generated from the Equivalent Static Load (ESL) and the Modal Response Spectrum (RS) analyses methods are considered. The ESL and RS analyses of the studied modal structures are carried out using the three-dimensional computer program ”ETABS (2010)”.
Also, this research is concerned with investigating the fundamental time period as it plays an important role in determining seismic force. Fundamental time period are calculated by two procedures.
A total of thirty-two case study is analyzed. For each configuration, the model is investigated by the four codes. For each code, the two analysis procedures A and B, are being applied at the case study. Moreover, procedures A and B imply the application of both ESL and RS analysis methods.
In addition, this work studies the effect of seismic forces on old existing RC buildings. Ten stories residential RC old building is used for calculating seismic forces. These forces are calculated using the optimum seismic case that produced minimum base shear. This optimum seismic case is utilizing IBC 2015, RS analysis method following procedure B. Another case is conducted by applying ECLF as alternative of IBC to make the comparison requirements. The aim of this is to evaluate and check the safety of those old buildings designed before 1992 earthquake without considering seismic forces.
For all cases studied, UBC found to be significantly more conservative than IBC, ECLF and EC 8. ESL analysis method generates seismic force and moment higher than RS analysis method. Base shear force in procedure A is higher than that in procedure B. Residential buildings designed using UBC are overdesigned compared to others codes. For old buildings studying, retrofitting must be assured in the nearest time whereas this retrofitting is major for ECLF and minor for IBC.