الفهرس 
List of tablesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 149 |  |  |
| | | from | 149 | | |
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether the manipulation of mechanisms of autophagy in diabetes mellitus retards emergence and / or progression of diabetic nephropathy. it concluded that: 1.In our study, we were in line with other previous animal studies that reported that activation of autophagy by rapamycin could be promising tool to overcome the firing course of DN. 2.Proteinuria was higher in diabetic rats through the whole period of the study compared to other groups. 3.Diabetic rats treated with rapamycin alone or rapamycin and metformin showed lower level of proteinuria and almost normal serum creatinine all over the whole period of the study. 4.Kidney tissue from diabetic rats treated with rapamycin alone and rapamycin and metformin showed increased autophagosomes and high expression of LC3 compared to diabetic rats through the whole period of the study. 5.We failed to find a difference between both group, diabetic rats treated with rapamycin alone and diabetic rats treated with rapamycin and metformin in all parameters of kidney injury and at the level of autophagy induction except at the end, where we found that diabetic rats treated with rapamycin only were the best. 6. Metformin by the used dose and the duration of treatment as inducer of autophagy add nothing to rapamycin during the whole period of the experiment.