الفهرس 
Insulin biosynsesis and structure:
Insulin ResistanceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
Summary:
Added sweeteners are important component of our diet, sucrose and fructose are the most commonly used. Excessive consumption of added sugars contribute to rising obesity and insulin resistance rates by increasing plasma free fatty acids, leptin and abdominal adipose tissue which end in impaired insulin sensitivity.
Insulin resistance associated with many health problems, of which its hazards to the cardiovascular system as stroke, coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy.
Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy is defined as functional and structural changes at the level of myocardium; independent of hypertension, coronary artery disease, or any other known cardiac diseases, leading to HF. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one of the most important CM structural hallmarks, that can be utilized as a powerful predictor of CV events. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be assessed by measuring cardiac tissue hydroxyproline content.
FGF-23 is produced in bone osteocytes and it was found to be associated with markers of insulin resistance and left ventricular hypertrophy so it is implicated in the incidence of LVH in case of insulin resistance.
Vitamin D, one of the fat soluble vitamins that regulates many important biological processes as bone and mineral metabolism, inflammation, innate immunity and CV system. Obesity was associated with hypovitaminosis D and insulin resistance.
It is likely to improve insulin action and insulin sensitivity directly by stimulating expression of the insulin receptors and PPAR