الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate different Egyptian dairy production systems using multiple criteria. This study was conducted between October 2014 and September 2015, and including six dairy production systems which represents the most distributed diary systems in Egypt (Commercial System (CS), Government Commercial system (GS), Government Research system (GR), Traditional Landless system (TLL), Traditional Mixed system (TMS) and Traditional Intensive system (TIS)).
Data were collected using a semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire, visual on-farm observations as well as farm records which included production and reproduction performance. The questionnaires covered also various aspects of dairy production systems. Data included 297 farms and containing 1863 records.
Results can be summarized as:
1- Production systems had highly significant effect (P>0.001) on all productive traits. Total fat corrected milk (FCM) were 10136.32± 2571.29 kg, 2470.82 ± 1544.36 kg, 2813.09 ± 862.32 kg, 2858.44± 1196.06 kg and 2712.45 ± 1270.82 kg and 2901.17± 862.32 kg for (CS), (GS), (GR), (TLL), (TMS) and (TIS), respectively while the average daily milk yield were 27.78 ± 5.53 kg, 9.41 ± 3.74 kg, 6.81 ± 2.02 kg, 7.37 ± 2.68kg and 6.22 ± 2.49 kg and 9.98 ± 2.56 kg. This associated with lactation lengths (LL) which were 387.77 ± 98.39, 289.50 ± 140.76, 271.04 ± 92.21, 222.59 ± 36.22, 266.15 ± 30.96 and 230.12 ± 28.96 days, respectively. Milk was corrected to 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) due to the different breed of dairy animals within each production systems.
2- Results for reproductive traits showed highly significant differences within different systems. Least squares means ± SD of calving interval for (CS), (GS), (GR), (TLL), (TMS) and (TIS) systems were 438.30 ± 112.766, 470.75 ± 113.434, 533.67 ± 91.896, 387.57 ± 56.293, 410.86 ± 62.202 and 423.75 ± 53.817 days, respectively. Furthermore Least squares means ± SD of service period (SP) were 163.12 ± 110.23 days , 107.72 ± 69.63 days , 155.50 ± 89.57 days , 117.57 ± 56.29 days, 140.86 ± 62.20 days , 153.75 with numbers of services per conception were 3.05 ± 2.52 services, 2.22 ± 1.30 services, 2.01 ± 0.48 services, 1.38 ± 0.68 services, 1.33 ± 0.57 services, 1.65 ± 0.78 services, respectively.
3- Majority of the multiple criteria were calculated on the basis of existing farm bookkeeping. All farms covered in the study are characterized by similar soil and climate characteristics. The investigated criteria were animal criteria, Feeding and Management criteria. So evaluation based on the following elements: The effect of diary animal breeds, cost of one kg fat corrected milk (FCM) in each system. The costs were estimated by estimating the amount of kg dry matter intake (DMI) consumed to produce 1kg (FCM) and working time needed to produce 1kg (FCM). Stocking density (Average area per 1 FCM (m2/kg FCM) in different production systems and average area per animal unit (m2/AU) in different production systems) were also evaluated. Factors affecting the consumption of dry matter intake (The effect of nutritional quality (nutritional ratio) and feeding systems used) and Type of labor within each system were also studied. The biggest share in the cost of kg milk is coming from nutrition and employment.
4- Only two systems (CS) and (GS) raised Holstein Friesian cows (HF), while the buffaloes were the main dairy animals in the rest of production systems, (GR), (TLL), (TMS) and (TIS).
5- Animal Breeds had significant effect (P>0.001) on all productive performances. HF recorded 7024.41±4554.52 kg for TMY with an average daily milk yield (DMY) of 20.78 ±10.195 kg which was associated with lactation length (LL) of 347.63±126.535 days, while buffaloes recorded an average of 1844.65±461.75 kg for TMY with an average of 6.81 ±3.85 kg for DMY which was associated with LL of 271.04±92.21 days. Cross-bred and local breeds came intermediate where they recorded TMY of 2761.47±312.36 kg with DMY of 10.97 ±2.128 kg which was associated with LL of 254.83±24.70 days.
6- Feeding criteria showed significant differences in the quantities of dry matter intake (DMI) consumed to produce one kg fat corrected milk (FCM). The lowest quantity showed in (CS) it was 0.860 kg DMI/ 1kg FCM and the highest amount was in (GS) being 3.99 kg DMI/ 1kg FCM. (GR), (TIS), (TMS) and (TLL) came in intermediate values which were 1.92, 2.01, 2.92 and 3.01, respectively. As well as the use of different Roughage: concentrates ratios (R:C ratio) ranged from 1:1 in (CS) system to 5.25:1 in (TMS) may be factor which affecting low milk productivity in different systems.
7- Results showed significant differences between the times used to produce 1 kg FCM in different systems. The shortest time showed in (CS) as 1.91 minute /1kg FCM where the longest time were in (TMS), (TLL) and (TIS) being 19.58, 18.72 and 10.99 minute / 1kg, respectively. The times used to produce 1 kg FCM in (GS) and (GR) were (5.22, 5.75 minute / 1kg FCM), respectively .These differences may be due to different production systems and variation in the number of dairy animals within each system, where an inverse correlation was observed between the labor time used to produce 1 kg FCM and the number of dairy animals and their production performance.
8- Increasing the number of dairy animals increases the efficiency of labor productivity, and using modern technologies in cleaning, feeding and milking processes. Labor time to produce 1 kg fat corrected milk in all dairy production systems for cleaning where 34.39%, as overall percentage for all systems followed by the feeding time as 28.36%. The two type of laborer together represent approximately 2/3 of the total time needed to produce one kg FCM.
9- There were significant differences between average areas per animal unit allocated for different systems which being, 110, 558, 18, 12, 916 and 705 m2/AU in (CS), (GS), (GR), (TLL), (TMS) and (TIS) systems, respectively. This shows that all dairy production systems operate at less than operational efficiency and operate with lower than optimal animal density. Dairy production systems under study are working at 7.55% 75%, 28%, 37.5%, 33 % and 33 % less than their capacity for CS), (GS), (GR), (TLL),(TMS) and (TIS), respectively.
10- Average area per 1 kg fat corrected milk were as follows: 4.21, 65.26, 1.74, 1.16, 84.89, and 57.60 kg m2/1FCM in (CS), (GS) , (GR) ,(TLL), (TMS) and (TIS), respectively.
11- The cost for producing of kg fat corrected milk (FCM) was calculated assuming a price for the production elements according to the price policy at the time of study. The price of kg dry matter (X=3.75 L.E), work minute (Y= 0.21 L.E) and the price of rent per meter (Z=0.008 L.E).
12- Accordingly the lowest value of total costs required to produce 1 kg FCM was (3.66 L.E) in Commercial Systems while the highest three calculated values showed in the Government Commercial System (16.58 L.E) followed by Traditional Mixed systems (15.74 L.E) and Traditional Landless Systems (15.23 L.E). The high differences in price to produce 1 kg FCM within the production systems attributed to feeding strategies in the different systems. Feeding costs were 14.96, 7.2, 11.29, 10.95 and 7.54 L.E for GS, GR, TLL, TMS and TIS, respectively, vs to only 3.23 L.E in Commercial Systems.
13- The second largest elements in the cost of milk production within any production system (labor costs), are high compared to the Commercial System where it was 1.10, 1.21, 3.93, 4.11, 2.31 L.E for GS, GR, TLL, TMS and TIS, respectively, vs to only 0.40 L.E in Commercial System.