الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L. A Valuable Medicinal Plants In Herbal Medicine Belongs To Family Lamiacea And Lauraceae, Respectively. Melissa Officinalis L., (Limon Balm) A Valuable Medicinal Plant In Herbal Medicine Belongs To Family Lamiacea (Koksal Et Al. 2011).
Melissa Officinalis L. Has Been Traditionally Used For Different Medical Purposes As Tonic, Antispasmodic, Carminative And Diaphoretic. It Is Currently Used For The Relief Of Stress-Induced Headache, As A Mild Sedative-Hypnotic, And As An Antiviral To Improve Healing Of Herpes Simplex Cold Sores (Blumenthal Et Al. 2000).
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl Is Widely Used As A Spice Due To Presence Of Cinnamaldehyde (Wimalasena Et Al. 2002), However Cinnamomum Camphora L. Has Long Been Prescribed In Traditional Medicines For The Treatment Of Inflammation-Related Diseases Such As Rheumatism, Sprains, Bronchitis And Asthma Due To Presence Of Camphor.
Advantages Of Considering Fungi Fermentation To Produce Bioacvtive Substances:
1- Reproducible And Dependable Productivity, The Fungus Can Be Grown In Tank Fermenters As Needed, Producing Avitually Inexhaustible Supply.
2- Fungi Are An Unexplored Biological Source Of Biologically Active And Chemically Novel Compounds Belonging To Different Classes.
3- Fungi Respond To Routine Culture Techniques, While Growing Plant Either Specialized Method Or Takes Many Times Before Harvesting.
4- Product Escalation Is Relatively Easy In Fungi. Directed Changes In Culture Conditions Can Be Explored Indefinitely As A Method Of Optimizing Various Biosynthetic Pathways, Which May Lead To Even More Effective Derivatives Of Novel Compounds.
This Study Includes Five Main Parts:
1- Genetic Profiling Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
2- Botanical Study Of Different Organs Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
3- Phytochemical Study Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
4- Isolation And Identification Of Fungal Endophytes from Different Organ Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
5- Biological Study Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Part 1: Genetic Profiling Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Chapter 1: DNA Fingerprinting Of Melissa Officinalis L.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) With Ten Random Primers Produced A Total Of 35 Fragments. The Molecular Size Of The Produced Fragments Revealed The Presence Of A Wide Range Of Sequences. The Primer Opk-03 Produced The Highest Number Of Rapid Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Fragments (6 Fragments), While The Lowest Number Of Fragments Was Produced By OPB-09, (1 Fragment). The Maximum Size Was 1460 Base Pairs After Using Primer OPC-19 Which Produced RAPD Fragments. However, The Minimum Molecular Size Was 180 Base Pairs When OPK-03, OPK-01, OPC-04 And OPA-07 Primers Were Used.
In Conclusion, The Ten Decamer Oligonucleotide Primers Had Induced Successive Amplifications With A Wide Range Of Molecular Sizes. The Analysis Of The Amplified Fragments Generated By RAPD Reactions Revealed That The Primers OPK-03, OPC-19, OPK-01 And OPO-11 Can Be Used For The Identification Of M.Officinalis L. At The Genetic Level Since They Generated Fragments With Wide Molecular Size.
Chapter 2: Cinnamomum Species Genetic Relationship
Cinnamomum Cassia L. Is characterized By A Total Of 16 Unique Markers Both Positive And Negative Markers: Four Unique Markers Were Obtained With Primer OPA-10, Two Were Negative With Molecular Size 680 Bp And 240 Bp And Two Were Positive Markers. The Primer OPB-09 Did Not Produce Any Unique Marker With Cinnamomum Species.
Cinnamomum Camphora L. Is characterized By Production Of Seven Unique Markers As The Lowest Number Of Unique Markers: Two Positive Were Obtained With Both Primer OPA-07 With Molecular Size 840 Bp And Primer OPO-11 With Molecular Size 420 Bp.
C. Verum J.Presl Is characterized By Eleven Unique Markers; Five Were Negative Markers With Primers OPB-11, OPC-04, OPK-02 And OPO-11 With Molecular Size Ranging from 300 Bp To 1680 Bp And Six Were Positive Markers With Primers OPB-11, OPC-04, OPC-09, OPK-01 And OPO-11 With Molecular Size from 380 Bp To 870 Bp.
Results Of Genetic Diversity Could Be More Ascertained When Analyzed By The
UPGMA Based On Micro And Macro Morphological Variation Combined With The Chemical
Variation And Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA And Or chromosome Number Among The Three Investigated Species. It Can Be Concluded from The UPGMA Analysis Of Genetic Diversity Based On RAPD That C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. Are Closely Related Species. The C.Cassia L. Has Split As A Separate Identity.
Part 2: Botanical Study Of Different Organs Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Chapter 1: Macromorphological Study Of Different Organs Of Plants Under
Investigation
Melissa Officinalis L.: An Odorous Perennial Herb, 0.3–0.9m High, Usually With Several Stems, Lemonscented On Bruising. Stems Obtusely Quadrangular, Furrowed Pubescent. Leaves 2–9 Cm Long And 1–5cm Wide, Ovate To Obovate-Oval, Base Cuneate Truncate Or
Cordate At The Base, Densely Pilose On Both Surfaces, Petiole 0.2–3.5cm Long. Corolla White Or Pinkish; Infundibuliform Tube 8–12mm Lenght; Stamens Inserted Deep In The Tube; Bracteoles Oval-Oblong, About 1.5cm Long, Pubescent; Calyx 5–9mm Long, Pubescent Outside, Pubescent Inside (With Very Short Hairs), Densely Pilose In The Middle.
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl: A Moderate-Sized Evergreen Tree; Bark Rather Thick, Smooth, Pale; Twigs Often Compressed; Young Parts Glabrous Except The Buds Which Are Finely Silky.
Leaves Opposite Or Subopposite (Rarely Alternate), Hard And Coriaceous, 7.5–20 By 3.8–7.5cm, Ovate Or Ovate-Lanceolate, Subacute Or Shortly Acuminate, Glabrous And Shining Above, Slightly Paler Beneath, Base Acute Or Rounded; Main Nerves 3–5 from The Base Or Nearly So, Strong, With Fine Reticulate Venation Between; Petioles 1.3–2.5cm Long, Flattened Above. Flowers Numerous, In Silky Pubescent, Lax Panicles Usually Longer Than The Leaves; Peduncles Long, Often Clustered, Glabrous Or Pubescent; Pedicels Long. Perianth 5–6mm Long; Tube
2.5mm Long; Segments Pubescent On Both Sides, Oblong Or Somewhat Obovate, Usually Obtuse. Fruit 1.3–1.7cm Long, Oblong Or Ovoid-Oblong, Minutely Apiculate, Dry Or Slightly Fleshy, Dark Purple, Surrounded By The Enlarged Campanulate Perianth That Is 8mm In Diameter.
Cinnamomum Camphora: Medicinal Parts: The Medicinal Part Is Camphor Oil Extracted
from The Tree. Flower And Fruit: The Flowers Are Small, White And Sessile On 1 To 1.5 Mm Long Pedicles. The Petals Are Pubescent On The Inside. The Flowers Are Caespitose, On Long Axillary
Petioles. The 1.5 Mm Stamens Form 3 Circles And Are Pubescent With Broad, Sessile-Cordate Glands. The Fruit Is A Purple-Black, 1-Seeded, 10 To 12 Mm Oval Drupe.
Leaves, Stem And Root: The Plant Is An Evergreen Tree Growing Up To 50 M Tall And 5 M In Diameter. The Trunk Is Erect At The Lower Part And Knottily Branched Above. The
Leaves Are Alternate On Long Petioles, Oval-Lanceolate, Acuminate, Grooved And Glossy. They Are Light Yellowish-Green Above And Paler Beneath; They Grow To 5 To 11 Cm Long By 5
Cm Across.
Chapter 2: Micromorphological Study Of The Leaves Of Plants Under Investigation
Melissa Officinalis L.: Dorsoventral Epidermal Cells With Sinuous Walls And Diacytic Stomata On Lower Surface Only; Very Short, Conical, Unicellular Covering Trichomes With A Finely
Striated Cuticle Occur Abundantly, Especially Over The Veins On The Lower Surface; Also Uniseriate, Multicellular (2–5 Cells) Covering Trichomes, Wide At The Base And Narrowing Rapidly Toward The Tip, With Slightly Thickened, Warty Walls; Secretory Trichomes Also Very Abundant, Some Small With Unicellular Stalk And Unicellular Or Bicellular Head, Others Large, Of Laminaceous Type, With Unicellular Stalk And Spherical To Ovoid Head Composed Of 8 Cells
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl: The Outside Shows A Few Discontinuous Layers Of Cortical Parenchyma Within Which Is A Wide, Continuous Layer Of Pericyclic Sclerenchyma Composed Of Groups Of Isodiametric Or Tangentially Elongated Sclereids With Thickened And Pitted Walls, And Occasional Groups Of Fibres. The Phloem Is Composed Of Sieve Tissue And Parenchyma With Large Secretion Cells Containing Essential Oil Or Mucilage And Phloem Fibres Occurring Singly Or In Small Groups, Individual Fibres 15–25µm In Diameter With Thickened Walls; Medullary Rays Uniseriate Or Biseriate. Some Of The Cells Contain Small Acicular Crystals Ofcalcium Oxalate; The Remainder, Together With The Phloem Parenchyma, Contain Starch Granules, Simple Or 2–4 Compound, Rarely More Than 10µm In Diameter.
Cinnamomum Camphora: Upper And Lower Epidermis Of The Leaf Consists Of A Single Of The Tangential Cells That Appeared In The Surface Preparation As Polygonal Isodiametric Cells With Straight Anticlinal Wall And Smooth Cuticle. The Upper Epidermis Is Totally Devoid Of Stomata. While, The Lower Epidermis Showed Few Stomata Of Anomocytic Type. In The Hypodermis Region Of The Upper Epidermis, There Are 1 Or 2 Rows Of Collenchymatous Cells Followed By 5-7 Layers Of Large Parenchymatous Cells. On The Other Hand, The Hypodermis In The Lower Surface Contains Of 2-3 Rows Of Polygonal Collenchymatous Cells Beneath Lower Epidermis, Followed By 4 Or 6 Layers Of Large Parenchymatous Cells, Some Of Them Contains Brown Content. The Vascular Tissue Consists Of Bicollateral Arc-Shaped Vascular Bundle Divided Into Three Uneven Parts. The Phloem Is Surrounding The Xylem And Consists Of Sieve Elements And Phloem Parenchyma. The Xylem Is Endarch With Spiral Vessels Wood Fibers And Wood Parenchyma. With The Medullary Rays Appears In Between.
Part 3: Phytochemical Study Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Chapter 1: Phytochemical Screening
The Results Of The Phytochemical Screening Showed The Presence Of Flavonoids, Tannins And Saponins Are Present In Melissa Officinalis L. Leaf. Free Flavonoids Are Present In The Leaves Of Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L. Alkaloids And/Or Nitrogenous Bases, Anthraquinones And Sterols Are Absent In All Studied Plants.
Chapter 2: Investigation Of The Volatile Constituents Of The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Melissa Officinalis L.: The Percentages Of The Leaf Volatile Oil Constituents Of Melissa Officinalis L. Obtained By Traditional Hydrodistillation (HD) And Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MWHD) Were 0.3% And 0.45%, Respectively. (MWHD) Analysis Led To The Identification Of 19 Volatile Components Accounting For 82.5% Of The Total Identified Components. The (HD) Of Essential Oil Led To The Identification Of 24 Volatile Constituents Constituting 99.9% Of The Total Identified Compounds.
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl: Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl Leaves Essential Oil Extracted By Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Technique Led To The Identification Of 34 Volatile Constituents, However, Only 20 Constituents Were Identified Using The Traditional Hydrodistillation Technique. The Highest Amount Of Monoterpene Hydrocarbons With 32% Such As (Α-Pinene, Α-Phellandrene, Limonene And 2-Carene) And Oxygenated Monoterpenes With 32% Such As (Eucalyptol And Caryophyllene Oxide) Were Obtained By The Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Technique. Traditional Hydrodistillation Technique Gives A Higher Content Of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons With 34% Such As (Β-Caryophyllene, Humulene And Γ-Elemene) And Alcohols With 12.8% Such As (Α-Terpineol And Elemol).
Cinnamomum Camphora L.: Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Technique Enabled The Detection Of The Most Volatile Active Compounds In Essential Oil Cinnamomum Camphora L. Such As Dl- Camphor And Β-Caryophyllene. Essentially Higher Amounts Of Oxygenated Monoterpenes Compounds With 46.6% And Lower Amounts Of Carbonyl Compounds With 2.1% Were Present In The Essential Oils Extracted By Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation In Comparison With Traditional Hydrodistillation. The Alcohols Such As (Diacetone Alcohol) And Carbonyl Compounds Such As (Isophorone) Were Present In The Highest Quantity With 35.43% And 31.2% Respectively Obtained By Traditional Hydrodistillation Method.
Chapter 2: Study Of The Lipid Content Of The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Melissa Officinalis L.: GC/MS Analysis Of The Saponifiable Matters Of M.Officinalis L., C. Verum J.Presl And C. Camphora L. Leaves, Allowed The Estimation Of Total 13 Fatty Acids Were Classified As: Seven Unsaturated Fatty Acids Represented 53.8% Of The Identified Fatty Acids And Six Compounds Were Identified As Saturated Fatty Acids (46.2%). Palmitic Acid (13.6%), Methyl Palmitate (12.03%) And Heptatriacontan-1-Ol (2.22%) Were The Major Saturated Fatty Acids While Methyl Linolenate (74.65%), Methyl 6-Octadecenoate (5.62%) And Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester (3.23%) Were The Major Unsaturated Fatty Acids In The Leaves Of M.Officinalis L. Also, Eight Compounds Were Identified In Unsaponifiable Matters. Y,Y-Carotene-16-Ol (0.58%) Represent The Major Hydrocarbon Compound Which Estimated In Unsaponifiable Matters. In Addition To Triterpenes And Sterols (87.5%) from Which Astaxanthin (1.04%), Stigmast-5-En-3-Ol, Oleate (0.81) And Spheroidenone (0.51%) The Major Identified Compounds from The Leaves Of M.Officinalis L..
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.: GC/MS Of The Saponifiable Matters Of C. Verum J.Presl And C. Camphora L. Leaves, Revealed The Presence Of Total 25 Fatty Acids Were Classified As: Eleven Unsaturated Fatty Acids Represented 44% Of The Identified Fatty Acids And Fourteen Were Identified As Saturated Fatty Acids (56%). Methyl Palmitate (51.9%) And Tetratetracontane (19.7%) Were The Major Saturated Fatty Acids While Oleic Acid Methyl Ester (25.45%) And Methyl Oleate (10.63%) Were The Major Unsaturated Fatty Acids In The Leaves Of C. Verum J.Presl And C. Camphora L. Respectively. Also, 22 Compounds Were Identified In Unsaponifiable Matters. Hydrocarbons Represented 40% Of The Identified Compounds from Which 5-Phenylundecane (9.43%) And Phytadiene (2.03%) Were The Major Compounds from C. Verum J.Presl And C. Camphora L. Leaves, Respectively. In Addition To Triterpenes And Sterols (60%) from Which Stigmast-5-En-3-Yl (9Z)-9-Octadecenoate (0.77%) And 6-Nitrocholesteryl Acetate (0.78%) The Major Identified Compounds from C. Verum J.Presl And C. Camphora L. Leaves, Respectively.
Chapter 3: Investigation Of Phenolic Content Of The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
A- Quantitative Determination Of The Total Flavonoid And Phenolic Content Using Colorimetric Assay
Melissa Officinalis L.: The Absorbance Of The Total Flavonoids And Phenolic Contents Of The Leaf Extracts Of Melissa Officinalis L. Were (0.018 And 0.273 Nm), Respectively, Equivalent To 2.73 Mg RE/G And 16.44 Mg GAE/G Of The Dried Powdered Leaves, Respectively.
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.: The Absorbance Of The Total Phenolic Contents Of The Leaf Extracts Of C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. Were (0.32 And 0.305 Nm), Respectively, Equivalent To 20.61 And 19.65 Mg GAE/G Of The Dried Powdered Leaves, Respectively. While The Absorbance Of The Total Flavonoid Contents Of The Leaf Extracts Of C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. Were (0.013 And 0.026 Nm), Respectively, Equivalent To 2.008 And 3.883 Mg RE /G Of The Dried Powdered Leaves, Respectively.
B- Qualitative And Quantitative Determination Of Flavonoids And Phenolic Compounds Using HPLC Analysis.
Melissa Officinalis L.: 35 Phenolic Compounds (10 Flavonoids And 25 Phenolic Acids) Were Identified In The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L. The Major Identified Flavonoids Were Quercetin, Naringin And Hisperdin (355.71, 116.79 And 116.35 Mg/100g), Respectively. Concerning The Phenolic Acids; Rosmarinic, Reversetrol And Alpha-Coumaric (3441.57, 2539.2 And 802.45 Mg/100g), Respectively Were The Major Identified Phenolic Acids In The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L.
Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.: HPLC Analysis Of The Phenolic Compounds In The Leaves Of C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. Revealed The Determination And Quantification Of 36 Phenolic Compounds (10 Flavonoids And 26 Phenolic Acids). 7-OH Flavone And Kampherol Were The Major Flavonoids Identified In The Leaves Of C.Verum J.Presl With Concentrations 160.32 And 97.83 Mg/100g, Respectively. While Quercetrin (579.61 Mg/100g) And Rutin (541.11 Mg/100g) Were The Major Flavonoids Observed In The Leaves Of C.Camphora L.. The HPLC Analysis Of The Phenolic Acids Of The Leaves Of C.Verum J.Presl Revealed The Identification Of Reversetrol (244.17 Mg/100g) And P-Coumaric (184.74 Mg/100g) As Major Phenolic Acids. Alpha-Coumaric And Chlorogenic (257.36 And 150.74 Mg/100g), Respectively, Were The Major Phenolic Acids Identified In The Leaves Of C.Camphora L.
Chapter 4: LC/DAD/HR-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
A- Identification Of The Leaves Secondary Metabolites Of Melissa Officinalis L. Using LC/DAD/HR-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
A Total Of Seventy Compounds Was Identified In The Leaf Methanolic Extract Of Melissa Officinalis L. Distributed In Three Major Categories; Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids And Phenolic Glycosides. Since Polyphenols Contain One Or More Hydroxyl And/Or Carboxylic Acid Groups, MS Data Were Acquired In Negative Ionization Mode.
B- Identification Of The Leaves Secondary Metabolites Of Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L. Using LC/DAD/HR-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
A Total Of Sixty One Compound Was Identified In The Methanolic Extracts Of C. Verum J.Presl Leaves And A Fifty Nine Compound Were Recognized In The Leaf Methanolic Extract Of C. Camphora L.
Part 4: Isolation And Identification Of Fungal Endophytes from Different Organ Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Chapter 1: GC/MS characterization Of Secondary Metabolites Of Melissa Officinalis L. Fungal Endophytes (MLF1)
A- Identification Of The Components Of The Saponifiable Matters:
A Total Of 41 Fatty Acids Was Identified In The Six Methanolic Fractions. Five Fatty Acids Were Identified In AD Fraction With 5,6-Epoxyretinoic Acid (28.28%) As A Major Compound And A Nine Fatty Acids In CD Fraction With 4,4,7-Trimethyl-4,7-Dihydroindan-6-Carboxylate (26.62%) As A Major Compound. While Precocene II Obtained from ED Fraction As A Majority Of Six Compounds. In Addition To A Ten, Nine And Two Fatty Acids Were Observed In HD, BE2 And BE3 Fractions, Respectively.
B- Identification Of The Components Of The Unsaponifiable Matters:
Thirty Compounds Were Identified In The Six Fractions, (4 In AD, 4 In CD, 3 In ED, 11 In HD, 4 In BE2 And 4 In BE3) With 3’,4’,7-Trimethylquercetin (1.2 %), Tribehenin (2.9 %), 17.Alfa.,21á-28,30-Bisnorhopane (1.73 %), Beta-Sitosterol (13.5 %), Astaxanthin (0.44 %) And 2,6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol (10.2 %) As Major Compounds, Respectively.
Chapter 2: Quantitative Determination Of Caffeic Acid Produced By Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Melissa Officinalis L. (MLF1)
The Determination Of Caffeic Acid In Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Melissa Officinalis L. Leaf Using HPLC Revealed That The Concentration Of Caffeic Acid Was 6.613 µg/G. This Promising Concentration Of Caffeic Acid In The Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Melissa Officinalis L. Leaf, Promotes Their Use As Raw Materials For Caffeic Acid Production.
Part 5: Biological Study Of The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
Chapter 1: Determination Of The In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH Assay
The Essential Oils And Ethanolic Extracts Of All Studied Plants Displayed In Vitro Radical Scavenging Activities, Showing Relatively Low IC50 Values, The Most Potent Antioxidant Extract Was Found To Be The Obtained Essential Oils Of Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl., Showing More Potent Antioxidant Activity (IC50 = 8.7 ± 0.06) Than That Of The Reference Antioxidant Ascorbic Acid (IC50 = 15.4 ± 1.54), Followed By Melissa Officinalis L. Leaves Essential Oil (IC50 = 8.84 ± 0.36), While The Least Antioxidant Activity Was Found To Be That Of The Aqueous Extracts Of Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L. (IC50 =23.78 ± 0.9).
Chapter 2: Antimicrobial Screening Of Melissa Officinalis L., Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
In The Current Study, Based On Earlier Reports We Have Found That Among The Essential Oils Of Three Leaves Showed A Wide Range Of Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities. Melissa Officinalis L. Being The Most Active Showing Broad Spectrum Activity Against Gram-Positive (7-12mm) And Gram-Negative Bacteria (11mm). C.Verum J.Presl Showed Activity Against Gram-Positive (8-10mm) And Gram-Negative Bacteria (9mm). Also, C.Camphora L. Showed Significant Antifungal Activity Against Klebsiella Pneumonia (12mm) And Against Bacillus Subtilis (11mm); However, Data Revealed That Essential Oils Of Three Leaves Were Ineffective And Have No Antifungal Activity.
Chapter 3: Assessment Of Memory Functions
The Present Study Was Designed To Evaluate The Contribution Of Ethanolic Extract
Of Different Organs Of The Studied Plants For Its Learning And Memory Enhancing Activity
In Mice, Compared To The Effects Of Rivastigmine.
The Effect Of The Essential Oils, Ethanolic And Aqueous Extracts Of The Leaves Of Melissa Officinalis L., C.Verum, C.Camphora And Rivastigmine On Acetylcholinesterase (Ache), Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin (5-HT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) And Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels, Was Evaluated And Revealed:
A- Melissa Officinalis L.
All The Investigated Extracts Exhibit A Significant Decrease In Ache Levels, Especially The Essential Oil Showed A Decrease In Ache Levels To (1.13 ± 0.046 Nmol/Min/Mg Protein). The Highest Levels Of DA And NE Were Observed from The group Treated With Essential Oils (1.2 ± 0.067 And 0.58 ± 0.030 µg/G Tissue), Respectively. Also, This Increase Was Indicated In The 5-HT Levels Of Mice Treated With The Essential Oil (0.4 ± 0.042 µg/G Tissue).
The Significant Clearance Of Aβ Observed In The group Of Mice Treated With Rivastigmine (1.51 ± 0.08 µg/G Tissue) As Well As The Essential Oil Treated Mice (1.82 ± 0.092 µg/G Tissue). The group Of Mice Treated With The Essential Oil Exhibited A Significant Increase In The Levels Of SOD, CAT And GSH (3.66 ± 0.15, 77.28 ± 2.9 And 1.28 ± 0.1 U/Mg Protein), Respectively. A Significant Decrease In MDA Levels Was Revealed In The group Of Mice Treated With Rivastigmine (19.53 ± 1.644 U/Mg Protein) Closely Related To The Control group Levels (19.5 ± 0.58 U/Mg Protein). The Mice group Treated With Essential Oil Showed Remarkable Decrease In MDA Levels (22.65 ± 1.023 U/Mg Protein).
B- Cinnamomum Verum J.Presl And Cinnamomum Camphora L.
The Long Term Administration Of The Essential Oil Of The Leaves Of C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. Produces Improving Effect On Memory Operation And Cognitive Functions, Followed By The Aqueous And Ethanolic Extracts, Respectively. The Inhibitory Effects Of The Extracts On Acetyl Cholinesterase And Malondialdehyde Along With The Increase In The Levels Of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase And Glutathione Indicated The Same Expectation. Thus, These Results, Focus The Use Of The Leaves Of C.Verum J.Presl And C.Camphora L. As A Complement In Learning And Memory Deficits.