الفهرس 
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Abstract
Imidacloprid (IM) is one of a neonicotinoids insecticide, which used in a wide range in both agriculture and veterinary fields. IM results in disturbances in the ecosystem. IM induced toxicity signs on different animals and birds. The current study was designed to elucidate the protective effect of fish oil (FO) and vitamin E (Vit E) against IM toxicity in Japanese quail. Seventy male Japanese quails 30 days old were divided into 7 groups; G1: control –ve, G2: received IM, G3 received FO, G4 received Vit E, and G5, G6, and G7 received with FO and/or Vit E with IM for 30 days, respectively. Growth performance parameters were measured each 10 days. Blood samples, liver and kidney were collected. Liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney function tests (Creatinine and Uric acid), and lipid profile were measured in serum samples. Oxidant/antioxidant makers and histopathology were assessed in liver tissues. Signs of toxicity decrease in body weight and feed conversion ratio was noticed in G2 when compare with other groups. Feed consumption was significantly (P<0.5) reduced in all treated groups than the control one. Imidacloprid was significantly (P<0.5) increased serum ALT, AST, creatinine, uric acid, TGC, and LDL with liver MDA. Moreover, IM caused significant (P<0.5) decrease in the levels of serum HDL as well as liver SOD enzyme and GSH in comparison with control –ve group. Histopathological changes in hepatocytes have thick cell trabeculae with marked hydropic vacuolar degeneration of cytoplasm were found in IM group. Treatment with FO and/or Vit E resulted in significant improve in general body condition which more pronounced in G7. There was significant decrease in the levels of serum AST, ALT, creatinine, uric acid, TGC, LDL, and MDA levels, and significant improvement in the levels of HDL, SOD enzyme, and GSH. In conclusion, FO and Vit E have a protective effect against IM toxicity, especially in their combination.