الفهرس 
Applied Surgical AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: A large part of the world has an increasing incidence of breast cancer, but limited resources to treat it. The majority of new cases and the majority of breast cancer deaths now occur in less developed regions of the world. Many of the countries in the less developed regions have low health expenditure per capita, which renders use of expensive laboratory tests and treatments inaccessible to the majority of patients worldwide. The development of effective treatments which are less expensive is thus a priority.
Aim of the Work :To provide a literature-based review of recent advances in management of breast cancer.
In 2012, 1.7 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer and there were 6.3 million women alive who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the previous five years. Several risk factors for breast cancer have been well documented e.g: age, sex, hormones, positive family history of breast cancer, genetic factors, Environmental and lifestyle, breast density and bone mineral density. It is necessary to devise a clinically meaningful classification of the disease, which has to be scientifically sound, clinically useful and widely reproducible. The established histopathological classification has a limited clinical utility, due to insufficient prognostic and predictive power. More recent classification schemes, based on the immunohistochemical characterization of breast cancer for the assessment of hormone receptor status, HER2 gene over-expression or amplification, and the proliferative fraction or on gene expression profiles, correlate much better with the clinical outcome and may be used to inform the choice of the systemic therapy. The grade of a breast cancer is representative of the ”aggressive potential” of the tumor; in a broad generalization, ”low grade” cancers tend to be less aggressive than ”high grade” cancers. Determining the grade is thus very important, and the clinicians use this information to help guide the treatment options for patients. Surgical treatment for breast cancer usually involves breast-conserving surgery (BCS) (i.e., lumpectomy/partial mastectomy) or mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast). The decision about which option to choose is complex and often difficult for women. Research shows that when BCS is appropriately used for localized or regional cancers and followed with radiation to the breast, long-term survival is the same as with mastectomy.