الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out in two studies. In the first an experiment was conducted to investigate the
Impact of 1 and 2% reduced CP% levels with balanced amino acid on growth, serum parameters, immune response and
carcass traits and litter quality of male BUT Big 6 heavy white Turkey from 4-24 weeks of age.
A total of ninety 4 weeks old male Turkey were assigned to three treatments, the first (G1) was fed on diets formulated to cover the CP requirements as recommended by the management guide and served as control. (G2) was fed on reduced CP diet by (1% CP) in each stage but AA were balanced. (G3) was fed on reduced CP diet by (2% CP) with adjusted AA profile in the same manner. Results revealed that birds in (G2) numerically surpassed the other groups in most of the growth performance parameters. However no significant differences were detected among the different groups.None of serum parameters were significantly affected except significant increase of Total triglycerides in G3, however numerically lower levels of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine were observed. The antibodies titer against NDV didn’t significantly affected (P < 0.05). Numerical increase in the (BMY%) and numerical decrease in (Ly%) were recorded in the birds of (G2 and G3). Litter was significantly dryer in pens of groups (G2 and G3) in comparison to (G1) and thereby reduce the litter score.
It could be concluded that The CP% in this Turkey breed could be reduced by 1 and 2% without adverse effects on growth, serum parameters, Immune status, carcass characteristics and litter quality if provided levels of ideal essential amino acids profile.
The second study two experimental separate feeding trials were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fortification of Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in a commercial form CreAMINO® on growth performance parameters, selected blood parameters, oxidation status as well as carcass characteristics of white male heavy Turkey breed reared on normal CP diets (trial 1) or on reduced CP diets (by only 1% CP) with adjusted AA profile (trial 2). In the first trial a total of ninety, six weeks old male Turkey of the same breed were assigned to two groups (each of three replicates). (G1) was fed on diets without any supplements and served as a control. (G2) was fed on diets supplemented with (GAA) in a commercial form CreAMINO® at a rate of (800g/ton). Results revealed a positive significant (P < 0.05) effect of CreAMINO® on growth. Serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and uric acid were significantly decreased in G2, meanwhile AST, globulin and A/G ratio were significantly increased as a result of the use of CreAMINO® . The oxidation stress indicators showed that the highest significant in Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione reductase (GR) and lowest significant MDA with numerical increase in Glutathione (R-GSH) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were observed in the birds supplemented with CreAMINO®. The (BMY%) as well as (LY%) were proved to be positively affected by such dietary fortification. In the second trial a total of ninety, male turkey of the same breed were divided into two groups.(G1) was fed on normal CP% diets as in trial 1 but the (G2) was fed on 1% reduced CP with adjusted amino acids profile diets fortified with 800g/ton GAA (CreAMINO® ). Results indicated that (GAA) supplementation has a significant positive effects on growth, most of the serum parameters, oxidation stress biomarkers as well as carcass traits in G2.
It is to be concluded that, Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in a commercial form CreAMINO®, can be used as an efficacious precursor for creatine in both normal and 1% reduced protein adjusted amino acids profile diets of young growing heavy Turkey toms as it has the potential to induce a positive effects not only on growth performance, serum parameters and carcass traits but also alleviating oxidative stress of white heavy turkey.