الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 136 |  |  |
| | | from | 136 | | |
Abstract
Out-of-pocket health expenditures refer to the payments made by
households at the point they receive health services. Typically, these
include doctor’s fees, medication and hospital bills. OOP exacerbate
households’ living severely in Egypt, pushing more than one-fifth of the
population into a financial catastrophe and 3% into extreme poverty in
2011.
The objective of the present work was to identify the various
determinants of OOP expenditure in health.
To achieve such objective, a cross sectional study was conducted on
inhabitants lived in Munshaat Sultan village, in Menouf district, Menoufia
governorate.
The study population sampled from households during period from
the 1st of September 2015 to the end of December 2016. All the
participants in the study were evaluated using pre-designed questionnaire to
assess the personal general characteristics, self-status description of health,
health service utilization in the last needed health care and factors affecting,
OOP expenditure in the last needed health care, distribution of expenditure,
determinants of OOP that included (age, sex, socioeconomic level, site of
care, self-perception of health, presence of chronic disease, having health
insurance), obstacles in dealing with the services provided by the MOH and
private ones in Participant area.
from this study, it was found that:
1- The percentage of OOP expenditure among the participants was 85%
in the last needed health care.
2- There was statistically significant difference between OOP groups
regarding: age, gender and socioeconomic standards.
3- Presence of chronic disease and self-perception of illness were
significant determinants of OOP.
4- There was statistically significant difference between OOP and non-
OOP regarding site of care (private care clients were more exposed to
OOP than governmental facilities users.
5- Having insurance coverage may protect theirs’ from OOP exposure as
those not covered were more prevalent significantly among OOP group.
6- Socioeconomic status, self-perception of health, site of health care and
presence of chronic disease were associated with an increased
likelihood of exhibiting OOP whether gender and health insurance
coverage were not significantly affect risk of OOP exposure in the
logistic regression model.
7- More than 60% OOP distribution were for drugs in either governmental
or private care facilities.
8- OOP was more for providers in private facilities while in governmental
sector, OOP was more for cost of investigations.
9- Different causes that may impair getting proper health care from
governmental or private facilities included overcrowding and
unavailability of drugs in governmental facilities and costs of care in
private facilities.