الفهرس 
Pain and analgesics
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Abstract
Pain analgesia includes narcotic (opioid) and non-narcotic (nonopioid) analgesics. Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine having central effects. It is the most widely used opioid analgesic nowadays. It has less cardiovascular and respiratory side effects if compared to other traditional opioids. Prolonged use of tramadol with high doses will cause physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome. Compared to morphine, tramadol is considered a relatively safe analgesic. Diclofenac is one of non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which impair prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes in the injured tissues and in the central nervous system mainly the spinal cord.