الفهرس 
Opioids and Opioid ReceptorsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to display the mechanism of action, tolerance, toxicity and addiction of Opioids. The term ”opioid” originated in the 1950s. It combines ”opium” + ”-oid” meaning ”opiate-like” (”opiates” being morphine and similar drugs derived from opium). The first scientific publication to use it, in 1963, included a footnote stating, ”In this paper, the term, ’opioid’, is used in the sense originally proposed by George H. Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities. By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed ”opioid receptors”. The definition of ”opioid” was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors. One modern pharmacology textbook states: the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides. Another pharmacology reference eliminates the morphine-like requirement: ”Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).
Conclusion: Some sources define the term opioid to exclude opiates, and others use opiate comprehensively instead of opioid, but opioid used inclusively, is considered modern, preferred and is in wide use.