الفهرس 
Pathophysiology of chronic Lung DiseasesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Anesthetic management should be a continuation of their preoperative care. chronic pulmonary disease patients must be monitored according to the minimum monitoring standards for adequacy of oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation, both clinically and with appropriate monitors. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring as central venous pressure (CVP), intra-arterial pressure (IAP), and cardiac output (CO) must be done if indicated for monitoring and guiding fluid management, monitoring and guiding pharmacological interventions, estimating adequacy of tissue perfusion and oxygenation, and frequent blood sampling.
Regional anesthesia is the first choice in patients with chronic respiratory diseases as it gives good muscle relaxation, reduces blood loss, and reduces incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) with sedation remains the technique of choice as it offers the advantage providing postoperative analgesia.
The immediate postoperative management needs to be done in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Patients with chronic respiratory diseases need a prolonged period of observation. These patients should be observed in an intensive care unit (ICU). This ensures close physical observation of the patient and monitoring of physiological parameters with early active management of complications.