الفهرس 
Anatomy of the Vertebral CanalOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Since their introduction into clinical practice in opioids given spinally have achieved international popularity in various clinical settings. This undoubtedly represents a major breakthrough in pain management. Aim of the work: The aim of this work is to discuss anatomical and pharmacological consideration, indication, contraindication of intrathecal opioids in anesthesia. Conclusion: Segmental analgesia after intrathecal opioids administration should confer a lower side effect profile compared with systemic opioids administration. The side effects of intrathecal opioids are sedation, sweating, delayed gastric emptying, urinary retention, pruritus, nausea and vomiting, and respiratory depression. The commonest side effects are nausea vomiting, pruritus, and respiratory depression, the latter being the most feared by clinicians. Although previous studies have suggested that side effects are dose related, recent data demonstrate that there is no clear correlation between dose and morbidity.