الفهرس 
Anatomy of The RectumOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 201 |  |  |
| | | from | 201 | | |
Abstract
The best chance of cure in those patients appears to involve preoperative chemo-radiation treatment (CRT), maximal surgical resection, and intraoperative radiotherapy in selected cases, preoperative and postoperative chemo-radiotherapy resulted in similar 10-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) but preoperative CRT resulted in lower local recurrence rate, lower incidence of toxicity and lower incidence of long term morbidity, The aim of this work is to highlight the recent methods of diagnosis and treatment modalities of locally advanced rectal cancer.
A locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) often describes a tumor extending beyond the rectal wall with infiltration to surrounding organs or structures, and/or perforation of the visceral peritoneum. It includes presence of lymph nodes and bulky T3 tumors with threatened circumferential margins or T4 tumors, tumors with growth onto the peritoneal surface. MRI is currently the most accurate modality on which to base treatment decisions for patients with rectal cancer. While during operations diagnosis depending on taking biopsies either open or preoperatively by endoscope. The proper treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer is the multimodality therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery) which is the treatment of choice. The rationale for adding adjuvant chemotherapy following neo CRT and surgery is to eliminate micrometastatic disease. several investigators have thought about giving the entire intended chemotherapy preoperatively with the standard neo CRT. While the development of multi- modal therapy for rectal cancer has led to better outcomes and survival, several complications and functional issues