الفهرس 
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Abstract
Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of the society, from the public to government, industry and academia. Diseases caused by food-borne pathogens constitute a worldwide public health problem. Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of food-borne bacterial disease in humans worldwide.
Campylobacteriosis; a food-borne disease, has been considered to be an emerging zoonotic disease worldwide. All foods have the potential to cause food borne illness, and milk and milk products are no exception. Food-borne illnesses from consuming milk and milk products were common in industrialized countries, milk-borne and milk product-borne outbreaks represent 2.6% of the bacterial food-borne outbreaks and were mostly due to bacterial contamination as Campylobacter bacteria. The prevalence of Campylobacter in milk and milk products varies, but their presence has been demonstrated in many surveys.
Two hundred and fifty random samples including raw milk (100), soft cheeses (Domiati and kareish, 50 samples for each) and 50 samples of small scale ice-cream were collected from different collection points, retail shops, markets and vendors from El-Minia and Beni-Suef governorate. Collected samples examined for the incidence of Campylobacter spp. using mCCDA as a selective medium.
The results revealed the presence of Campylobacter spp. in the examined raw milk and milk products.
The incidence of Campylobacter was 13 (13%), 9 (18%), 26 (52%) and 3(6%) of the examined raw milk, Domiati, kareish and Ice-cream samples respectively. The incidence of Campylobacter spp. was higher in case of samples collected from Beni-Suef governorate (18%), (24%) and (72%) than samples collected from El-Minia governorate (8%), (12%) and (32%) in raw milk, Domiati and kareish cheese respectively, but in ice-cream was (12%) in the samples from El-Minia whereas no positive ice-cream samples could be isolated from Beni-Suef governorate.
Campylobacter jejuni could be isolated in a percentage of 2, 6, 14 and 6% from the examined raw milk, Domiati cheese, kareish and ice-cream samples, respectively, while Campylobacter coli could be isolated in a percentage of 8, 2 and 8% from the examined raw milk, Domiati cheese and kareish samples, respectively. Campylobacter laridis could be isolated in a percentage of 3, 10 and 30% from the examined raw milk, Domiati cheese and kareish samples, respectively.
The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in milk and milk products could be due to environmental contamination with infected animal wastes or unsanitary food production and storage practices.
The incidence of Campylobacter spp. was higher in kareish cheese (52%) than in milk and other dairy products. This could be attributed to the fact that kareish cheese is usually made from raw milk, the difference in salt concentrations, acidity, and the method of manufacture. Also, ripening in brine solution, quality and heat treatment of milk used in the manufacture, handling method, hygienic practices, transportation condition, storage condition and distribution play an important role in its microbial quality.
C. jejuni was isolated and identified biochemically then by PCR assay. PCR amplification of hipO gene of C. jejuni isolated from the examined samples has shown identical fingerprints with human isolates at 323bp from 6 out of 15 isolates. The incidence for C. jejuni was detected for raw milk in a percentage of 1% and for Domiati cheese and kareish cheese was the same 4 %. Finally for ice-cream was 2% by PCR assay.
This thesis clarifies and discusses the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., to assist in better understanding of the risk posed to human health. Also discuss the suggestive measures to improve the keeping quality as well as sanitary conditions of milk and milk products. . Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating of Campylobacter spp., the high cost and not mandatory, laboratory diagnosis by traditional cultivation techniques is not widely used in Egypt, resulting in lack of accurate data on the occurrence of the disease in the country.