الفهرس 
ABSTRACT
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Abstract
Deep excavations have been used worldwide for underground construction, when retaining walls are constructed in-situ and deep excavations are made adjacent building horizontal and vertical displacements occur for the soil underneath adjacent building foundation. These soil movements due to excavation induce large settlement which may lead to structural distress and failure of the foundations supporting existing structures. Deep excavations are designed to be safe and to keep deformations due to excavation at acceptable limits on adjacent structures, reliable prediction of ground deformations are essential in the design process for assessing the effects of excavation on adjacent facilities.