الفهرس 
Anatomy and physiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ideal revascularization strategy remains controversial and depends on the anatomic complexity of the lesions that require revascularization, the comorbidities, and the ability to use dual antiplatelet therapy. Through coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG) is considered the gold standard of the revascularization approaches, the development of newer-generation coronary stents and safer medications have challenged this status. The major advantage of CABG over percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains the use of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to bypass the left anterior descending (LAD). Angina pectoris (AP) represents the clinical syndrome occurring when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply. More serious cases of coronary artery disease require coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), a procedure designed to restore blood flow to the myocardium. Performed since the late 1960s, this is now one of the most common operations in the United States-up to 500,000 are done yearly. The publications suggested that HCR is feasible, safe and effective for treatment of MCAD, with similar in-hospital and one-year follow-up outcomes, significantly lower requirement for RBC transfusion, and faster recovery compared with CABG. It may provide a safe and effective alternative for treating selected patients with MCAD.