الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study is concerned with preparation and an investigation of characteristics of hydroxyapatite and the possibility of preparing hydroxyapatite glass-ceramic matrix biocomposite, toughened by titania nanostructure to investigate the possibility of using it as bone substitute in high load bearing sites. Three kinds of composites were prepared, using titania nanoparticles, nanofibers and nanotubes as reinforcing phase. The characteristics of these composites were also investigated and compared to control. It was found that the resulting composites showed enhanced densification and crystallization in composites. Furthermore the addition of TiO2 nanostructure had a significant stiffening effect on the composites when compared with pure hydroxyapatite. Finally, from the results of biological evaluation in simulated body fluid, it was found that pure hydroxyapatite and the composite based on it are bioactive, hence the composite may be used as bone substitute in high load bearing sites.