الفهرس 
Interferon basicsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Interferons (INFs) are a family of naturally-occurring glycoproteins that are made and secreated by cells of the immune system cells. INFs were the first cytokines to be discovered and characterized.
Interferons received their name and were identified by Isaacs & Lindenmann at 1957 as anti viral substances. It renders normal cells resistant to infection with a variety of viruses. Human cells produce three structurally distinct forms of human interferon. A single cell can produce more than one type of IFN.
IFNs are classified according to their cellular origin and the type of receptors to which they are classified into three main classes INF type І(INF α/INFβ) bind to INFR1, INF type ІІ (INFγ) bind to INFR2 and INF type ІІІ (INFλ1/INFλ2 bind to (IFN-λR1) and IL10R2 respectivily.
Many of biological stimuli may trigger IFN production as infection by microorganisms, exposure to certain cytokines and double-stranded nucleic acids (dsRNA).
INFs have antiviral action, ant proliferative functions, Immuno modulation action, regression of some tumers, and can make Regulation of apoptosis.
Commertial INF is a man-made copy of a protein that human body makes in response to infection. There is many forms of commertial INF. Three different IFNβ drugs are available, Avonex® [β1a], Rebif ® [β1a], Betaseron® [β1b]. Two IFNα drugs are available, Intron A® [IFN-α2b], Roferon® [IFN-α2a. Available INFγ called Actimmune®.
Polyethylene glycol is added to make INF last longer in the body. Available Commertial PEG INFα2a are Pegasys® and reiferon ®retard (in Egypt).
INF used in many medical diseases. It used in HBV and in combination with RBV in HCV. Also INF is the leading drug in MS treatment. INF used in many types of tumors like melanoma, CML, hairy cell leukemia, lymphoma, RCC, KS, HPV, and hemangioma.
INF γ may be used in congenital osteopetrosis, chronic granulomatous disease and in Interferon gamma release assays which is a new test for tuberculosis.
INFS have a benefit role in many ophthalmological disorders. INF can be used in some types of uveitis as in behcets disease as it enhance remission of BD and decrease relapse time. Also it has good benefits in MS associated uveitis, uveitic macular edema and KS associated uveitis
Eye tumors are a predominant indication of INF in eye. Intralesional or perilesional injection of INF can be effective in treatment of ocular tumors as SCC, bcc and capillary hemangioma. Also, Intralesional, perilesional and subconjunctiva injection and eye drops are routes of administration of INF in conjunctival tumors
INF may have role in treatment of corneal diseases as in herpis semplex keratitis in compination with acyclovir and hepatitis C-associated Mooren ulcer.
INF can be used in treatment in many retinal disorders as MS associated optic neuritis and in AMD.
Events can occur, but life-threatening adverse events have been rare in large surveys. The most common adverse effects (AEs) reported are flu like symptoms, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, neutropenia and thrompocytopenia. INF β-1b can produce redness, swelling and pain at the site of the SC injection. Alopecia and lightening of hair is observed with INF. Exserbation of Psoriasis can happen with INF.
Neurosychiatric complications as depression, as well as Bell’s palsy, have been reported.
Hypertrichosis of eyelashe & eyelid, eye brow trichomegaly and Ocular surface toxicity have been reported with INF therapy.
Impairment of tear dynamics and squamous metaplastic changes in the ocular surface reported with INFα2b and RBV treatment. Oculomotor nerve palsy have been reported also with INF.
Retinopathy is a common side effect of INF treatment. It usually subsides without visual impairment. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an uncommon complication of INF treatment which can dramatically impair visual function.
Branch or central retinal artery occlusion (BRAO, CRAO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is atypical ocular side effects of INF. Although, their incidence is quite low. It causes irreversible painless decreased visual acuity. Discontinuation of INF therapy is the first line of treatment, although, it has poor prognosid.
There are fewer than 10 reports of retinal thrombosis associated with INF/RBVwith visual acuity limited to hand movement with no improvement on pin hole.
INFs increase of susceptibility for infecteous uveitis as Ocular sarcoidosis associated uveiris, ocular toxocariasis with anterior uveitis and (VKH) like disease.