الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was designed to compared insulin and
leptin readings in appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
infants of diabetic and non diabetic mothers and correlated
these results to maternal diabetic control regarding their Hba1c values.
This study was conducted on 60 term neonates (35 females and
25 males) they were divided into two groups: - The cases group: 30
AGA Infant of diabetic mothers 23 are gestational and 7 pregestational
based on history & laboratory data of their mothers .The
control group: 30 apparently healthy AGA neonates of apparently
healthy mothers.
All cases and controls were subjected to the following;
Age ,mode of delivery, detailed medical history including: for
diabetic mothers, diabetic history-including type of diabetes, types of
diabetic medication if used, diabetic control and any recent
investigations for Diabetes.
Complete general and systemic examination of the newborns
including new Pallard score and Apgar score at 1&5 minutes.
Investigations:
Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c was measured for all
mothers.
Baby’s blood Glucose was measured during the first hour of life
using glucometer.
A venous cord blood sample was taken immediately after
the separation of the placenta and glucose, Serum Insulin and
Leptin were measured from by ELISA.
Insulin resistance was calculated according to the following
formula:
Glucose (mmol/L) × insulin (μUI /mL)/22.5 (Martha et al.,
2012).
Data were analysed by SPSS (Statistical Program for Social
Solution) V.20 (Kirkpatrick LA, Feeney BC, 2013)
Our study revealed the following results:
There is no statistically significant difference between the cases
and control groups regarding their maternal age, mode of delivery or
hypertension, but there was statistically highly significant difference
between the two groups regarding their maternal fasting blood sugar
(R.B.S) &HbA1c which were higher in the case group.
IDM were classified according to their mothers’ diabetic
control- regarding their HbA1c - into 19 cases of fair diabetic control
and 11 cases of bad diabetic control.
No statistically significant difference was seen between the two
studied groups regarding babies, sex and weight at birth.
Despite all babies were of average length for gestational age at
birth, IDM babies were significantly shorter, had lower Pallard score,
Apgar score at 1 &5 minutes in comparison to control group. On the
other hand, IDM group had higher babies BMI & RBS at birth in
comparison to control group where the differences were statistically
highly significant.
Our study revealed that Serum Insulin, Leptin & Insulin
resistance were higher in IDM group when compared with controls.
The differences were statistically highly significant (p ≤ 0.001).
Cord serum Insulin and Leptin levels are directly correlated to
maternal HbA1c in the diabetic group.
In this study no significant gender difference in cord leptin
levels between males and females infants neither in cases nor controls.
But there were significantly higher cord insulin levels in female
infants than in males only in controls.
The present study demonestrated higher serum cord leptin in all
IDMs, with no statistically significant difference between gestational
&pregestational diabetic mothers .
In our study there was significantly higher cord serum leptin
&serum insulin levels in hypertensive diabetic mothers than in non
hypertensive diabetic ones.