الفهرس 
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Abstract
A total of 75 samples including, 25 samples each of full cream powdered milk, skimmed powdered milk and infant formula collected from Egypt and Libya markets, grocery and pharmacies at the period between April and September 2014 were analyzed for measuring Lead, chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc and Iron levels. All samples were digested and then analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Full cream milk powder The results of atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that the mean levels of heavy metals in examined samples of full cream milk powder were 0.046±0.008 mg/Kg for lead, 2.70±0.33 mg/Kg for chromium, 0.09±0.016 mg/Kg for cadmium, 3.74±0.137 mg/Kg for copper, 3.83±5.82 mg/Kg for zinc and 40.73±14.29 mg/Kg for iron.
By comparison the concentration of heavy metals present in analyzed full cream milk powder to the permissible limits (mg/kg) of each tested metals, we found that 48% , 36% , 32% , 0% , 76% , and 48% , of tested samples were within the permissible limits proposed for lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, meanwhile, 52% , 64% , 68% , 100% , 24% and 52% of samples were above the permissible limits for lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron, consecutively.
The aforementioned results indicated that the estimated daily intake of all elements were lower than their Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) except for Iron, its estimated daily intake was higher than that Acceptable Daily Intake proposed for it by nearly one and half times. Skimmed milk powder
The examined samples of skimmed milk powder contained heavy metals by means of 0.0321±0.0068 mg/Kg for lead, 1.976±0.239 mg/Kg for chromium, 0.0348±0.0073 mg/Kg for cadmium, 3.122±0.354 for copper, 3.104±0.194 mg/Kg for zinc and 44.74±5.74 mg/Kg for iron.
By comparison the concentration of heavy metals present in analyzed examined skimmed milk powder to the permissible limits (mg/kg) of each tested metals, we found that that heavy metals levels in 52% , 60% and 16% , 0% , 100% and 12% of examined skimmed milk powder were within the permissible limits proposed for lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, meanwhile, 48% , 40% and 84%, 100% , 0% and 88%) of samples have heavy metals concentration above the permissible limits stated for lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron, respectively.
It is noted from the previously results that the estimated daily intake of all elements were lower than their Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) except for Iron, its estimated daily intake was higher than Acceptable Daily Intake proposed for it by nearly two times.
Infant milk formula
The results of atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that the mean levels of heavy metals in tested samples of infant milk formula were 0.029±0.0052 mg/Kg for lead, 3.88±0.34 mg/Kg for chromium, 0.042±0.003 mg/Kg for cadmium, 8.28±0.3008 mg/Kg for copper, 4.0062±0.14403 mg/Kg for zinc and 16.73±0.703 mg/Kg for iron.
By comparison the concentration of heavy metals present in analyzed examined infant milk formula to the permissible limits (mg/kg) of each tested metals, we found that that heavy metals levels of lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron were within the permissible limits in 48% , 12% and 72% ,0%, 96% , and 88% , of examined infant milk formula samples, successively and were above the permissible limits in 52% , 88% , 28% , 100% , 4% and 12% of the tested samples, respectively.
The public health and economic importance of the detected heavy metals, alongside the conclusion and suggested recommendations for ensuring the safety of full cream powdered milk, skimmed powdered milk and infant formula in Egypt and Libya were also reported.