الفهرس 
Introduction and Literature SurveyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is a main medical diagnostic discipline for imaging functional processes in the human body that provides noninvasive imaging tools to detect a variety of human diseases. The two major components of these imaging procedures are radiopharmaceuticals and an imaging system. The Imaging System (Dual-headed Gamma Camera) is a position-sensitive detector that relies on detecting gamma photons emitted from the administered radionuclide. A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive compound that has two components, a radionuclide and a pharmaceutical; it is used for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease.
Static renal scintigraphy is an examination of the kidneys which gives information on their size, shape and position. The function of the kidneys may also be measured. Technitium- 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) for cortical scan, is generally the gold standard procedure for estimation of split renal function (SRF) and to assess cortical integrity. This substance localizes in the kidneys, it has a radioactive tracer attached which is detected (scanned) by a Gamma Camera.
Renal damage may occur as a side effect of the aggressive chemotherapy treatment, Radiotherapy and additional therapies used to treat the disease, and others which are all a potential source of kidney impairment. Many authors found that there are a number of renal disorders detected while doing bone scintigraphy, and 99mTC-MDP is excreted through the kidneys to provide adequate visualization of the urinary tract. Therefore, the estimation of renal function during bone examination is useful in patients that received radiation therapy for detecting undermine renal disorders, and prevent those with high risk of renal abnormalities from going to irreversible stage.
This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of bone tracer 99mTC-MDP in detecting renal disorders by imaging of renal cortex for patients with cortical defect for :-
(1) Assessment intrarenal focal lesions and
(2) Estimation of split renal function(SRF) as compared with renal cortical imaging agent 99mTC-DMSA.
In this study 23 patients (6 males, 17 females) with range of age 16y -75y were injected with activity 5.0 mCi of the radiopharmaceutical followed by infusion of 20 ml of normal saline. After 2–3 hours after intravenous injection, 99mTc-DMSA static images were acquired for the patients in a supine position that appears to be the best position to minimize renal depth difference, thus improving the accuracy of split renal function measurement. Gamma camera’s detectors were placed in a posterior and anterior views ( 5 minutes / view). 99mTc-MDP static images were performed on another day, for comparison with 99mTc-DMSA static images for the same patients. Data collection and analysis were repeated under the same conditions. SRF was calculated in all cases from renal uptake of the tracers into the region of interest by using computer acquired data of gamma camera. Cold area without 99mTC-DMSA uptake, was demonstrated on the 2-hour or late images, reflecting a non-functioning renal mass. Kidney morphology was independently evaluated by 2 observers. There was a high correlation between SRF values obtained from 99mTC-MDP and 99mTC-DMSA, where p>0.01 , r= 0.93 for left kidney and r=.0.92 for right kidney. Also, The results showed that sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates for 99mTC-MDP in detecting intrarenal focal lesions were calculated to be 100%, 71% and 78% for left kidney and 100%, 68% and 74% for right kidney, respectively.