الفهرس 
Surface and gross anatomy
Risk factors for breast cancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Historically the surgical standard of care determining Iymph node status in the setting of early stage breast cancer (ESBC) involved an axillary Iymph node dissection (ALND) performed alongside the resection of the primary tumoue. However approximately only 25% to 35% of all ESBC patients will have had cancer spread to these nodes, and as an ALND is associated wiyh significant morbidity (including pain, dysesthesia, decreased shoulder range of motion decreased aem mobility and Iymphoedema.