الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present study , 115 oral samples of stimulated
whole saliva were collected from 115 patients, referring to
the to various dental clinics at Ismaailia and Zagaziz ) for
routine dental care were included .These included 20 patients
as control. Diabetic group, consisted of 20 patients (10
female and 10 male). Denture wearing group,consisted of 30
patients (20 female and 10 male) . Smoking group ,consisted
of 30 male patients, Underlying diseases and medication
grou p, consisted of 15 patients ( 10 female and 5 male).
Candida albicans was recovered from all studied cases
from the oral saliva of various patients . Overgrowth of
Candida species can lead to oral candidiasis, that can
manifest itself as erythema, white plaque, thrush, with the
prevalence in diabetic persons , those uptaking bacterial
antibiotics for extended periods ,those persons using artificial
dentures either partially or complete denture besides those
persons which are heavy smokers.This study showed that
smoking is an important predisposing factor for oral candidiasis ,as it has been strongly associated with higher
presence of Candida species. It has been shown that the great
majority of oral candidiasis patients are moderate to
heavy cigarette smokers. The rate of oral candidal carriage
can be variably affected by smoking,becoming either more or
less intense in different individuals.
Vaginal samples were collected from 205 patients
attending the obstetrics and gynecology unit of ( Suez Canal
University hospital and various women gynecological clinics
in Zagazig ) ,These included, control group, consisted of 10
women in their reproductive years symptomatic pregnant
group , consisted of 30 pregnant women, Symptomatic non-
Pregnant group, consisted of 30 non-pregnant women ,
Contraceptive users group , consisted of 75 women, oral
contraceptive users , consisted of 20 women Intrauterine
device(I.U.D) users ,consisted of 50 women , Injection
users,consisted of 5 women, Medication uptake(for
underlying diseases) group consisted of 30 women,( Diabetic
group, consisted of 10 women , Antibiotic treatment group ,
consisted of 10 women , Psychological medication group,
consisted of 5 women , corticosteroid treatment group
consisted of 5 women ) , Dressing pattern group, consisted of 30 women (Tight dressing group , consisted of 15 women ,
loose dressing group, consisted of 15 women .
Candida albicans was recovered from almost most of
the collected vaginal samples ( vaginal secretions and
intrauterine devises ) with the prevalence in cases of those
women with Diabetes mellitus and using contraceptives(
intrauterine devises ) without proper personal hygiene.
Besides those wearing artificial tight clothing fasions . and
those uptaking various medication therapy .
Our study confirmed the pathogenic role of Candida
on the mucocutaneous membranes of the oral cavity of
humans suffering from some other underlying diseases as
Diabetes mellitus which result in reduction in the efficiency
of the body immune status ,or other underlying diseases
requiring the uptake of specific medications as broad
spectrum bacterial antibiotics resulting in over growth of
Candida in the oral cavity. Also, our study confirmed that
denture wearing and heavy smoking are important
predisposing factors for Candida over growth resulting in
oral candiases.
The pathogenic role of Candida on the mucocutaneous
membranes of the vaginal cavity was also confirmed with several predisposing factors including Diabetes mellitus ,
long term uptake of bactrial antibiotics , pregnancy ,the long
term use of oral and local contraceptives besides the very
tight clothing wearing habits .
The pathological effect of Candida over growth in the
oral and vaginal cavity was also confirmed as affected
mucous membranes immunoglobulins IgA ,IgM and IgG in
both of oral saliva ,vaginal secretion and serum samples .
Besides its effect on total saliva protein . albumin and
glucose content . At the same time the saliva protein profile
was affected by the presence and overgrowth of Candida .
Biochemically ,Candida dessimination via the oral route
affected the liver , kidney functions . some blood parameters
and female hormone profile .
Candida spp. are frequent colonizers of the
oropharynx in humans, and high salivary Candida counts
may predispose to oral candidiasis. In this study we
evaluated the effect of smoking, diabetes, drugs, denture
wearing on the intensity of Candida colonization in patients.
Oral candidosis is a common opportunistic infectious
disease. The predisposition to oral candidal colonization and infection is increased with immunodeficiency, denture
wearing and tobacco smoking. In addition, high carbohydrate
diet and diabetes mellitus may predispose to Oral
candidosis. C. albicans is the most common type of
microorganism found in oral candidal infections . The higher
prevalence of C. albicans was explained by the higher
capability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, which is considered
as the first step in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis .
Secretory IgA inhibits Candida adherence to oral
mucosa. It has been demonstrated that chewing increases the
secretion of IgA, as well as other salivary proteins Therefore,
it is possible that patients who stimulated salivary output had
an increase in salivary IgA and proteins, and this exerted
protection against Candida.