الفهرس 
Introduction
DEFINITIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 160 |  |  |
| | | from | 160 | | |
Abstract
Orthosis is an externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system.
It may be used to control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an extremity or joint for a particular reason to restrict or assist movement in a given direction, to reduce weight bearing forces, to aid rehabilitation from fracture, to correct the shape or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain.
It is indicated in many cases such as stoke, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, fractures and body deformities.
In the creation of orthoses, the anatomy and kinesiology of the human body and the pathology and courses of diseases and their prognoses must be considered.
In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of orthoses must be taken into account when they are prescribed.
Orthosis can be fitted to almost any part of the body from the leg to the arm, spine and head. Standardized nomenclature is used to identify different orthotic devices based on the principle joint the orthosis encompasses and is intended to control or effect.
Upper limb orthoses are classified as finger-thumb, hand-finger, wrist-hand-finger, elbow and shoulder orthoses.
Lower limb orthoses are devided into shoe and foot, ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot, knee orthoses and hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses and ambulatory aid.
Spinal orthoses are cervical, cervico-thoracic, thoraco-lumbo-sacral, lumbo-sacral orthoses and bracing for scoliosis.
The exoskeleton is an electromechanical structure worn by operator and matching the shape and functions of human body. It is able to augment the ability of human limb and/or to treat muscles, joints, or skeletal parts which are weak, ineffective or injured because of a disease or a neurological condition. Moreover, it merges the machine power and the human intelligence in order to enhance the intelligence of the machine and to power the operator. The exoskeleton works mechanically in parallel with human body and can be actuated passively and or actively.
Robotic technology aims to be an advanced tool available to the physiotherapist and not a replacement. The therapist is the key person for successful rehabilitation process, whereas the robot just supports the therapy defined by the therapist. Exoskeletons have the potential to provide intensive rehabilitation consistently for a longer duration and irrespective of the skills and fatigue level of the therapist.
The robot is adaptable to the human limb in terms of segment lengths, ROM and the number of DOFs .A high number of DOFs allows abroad variety of movements, with many anatomical joint axes involved.
Exoskeleton and robotics are upper limb devices, lower limb devices and home rehabilitation robotic system.