الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The units of voltage and resistance are maintained in the national standards laboratories
by the Josephson Effect and the Quantum Hall E!Tect. The Saturated Standard Cell, the
Zener-diode standards and the standard resistors are used to transfer these units for
direct current measurement from the national standards laboratories to othe:r users. The
standard cells and zener-diode standard as well as standard resistor are preserved in the
standards laboratories. With these and a variety of equipment, direct current and voltage
can be measured with high accuracy.
Since there is no ac counterpart to the standard cell, measurements of alternating current,
voltage, and power are made relative to these same standards. The chain of measurements is
extended to these alternating quantities by AC-DC Transfer instruments. They have a flat and
known frequency response and hence may be calibrated on direct current and then used for
alternating current measurements.