الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of native Baladi bucks through evaluation of different body measurement, testicular, epididymal and accessory sex glands measurements either physically or by using the ultrasonographic technique and to evaluate the effect of age and the season of the year on the reproductive efficacy of native Baladi bucks, the present study was carried on five bucks their age ranged between 7 and 8 months and weighted 12-20 kg at the beginning of the investigation, such animals treated similarly as in the natural condition from aspects of feeds, light and other needed requirements of management during the 8 months of the investigation, the body weight and the liner body measurements as (body length, wither height, heart girth) and scrotal circumference were detected weekly by using the suitable metal balancer and measuring tap, respectively. The testicular, epididymal measurements was detected also weekly by using the caliper and ultrasonographic apparatus. The accessory sex glands imaging and measurement were detected by using the ultrasonography. The semen samples were collected by using A.V., where the samples collected early in the morning once weekly, each collected sample was evaluated for color, volume, pH, mass motility, individual motility, live percent, semen index and the percent of abnormalities. The statistical analysis of obtained data revealed that: The overall means of body weight at the beginning of the experiment were 17.52±0.96kg and 24.72 ±0.72 kg at the end of the experiment, where the animals showed the maximum values of body growth during August and September, where buck (5) show the greatest body weight 30.05 ± 0.35 and 30.19 ± 0.48 kg followed by bucks (1, 3, 4 & 2) where they achieved 25.10 ±0.27-26.25 ± 0.23, 24.60 ±0.28 – 25.06 ±0.06, 24.60±0.28 – 25.00 ±0.00 and 20.20 ± 0.31 – 20.31 ±0.21kg, during the previous two months, respectively that followed by a significant decrease in its values that reflect the effect of season on body weight especially during the summer months (dry season) of high metabolic rates. In addition to that there was a significant difference between bucks. Concerning the wither height. It was noticed the animals increase in such parameter all over the whole months of the experiment where the overall means were 55.25 ±0.56cm at the beginning and 64.83 ± 0.76cm at the end of the experiment where buck (5) was the tallest animal followed by bucks (2, 4, 1, 3), respectively. The analyses of variance showed that were significant difference between bucks in addition to that difference between months. Regarding the heart girth, all buck showed a significant increase from the beginning of the experiment till September, after that a relatively constant results were noted until the end of the experiment, where the overall means were 60.65±0.81cm at the beginning and 66.59 ±0.54 cm at the end of the experiment where buck (5) recorded the greatest value 69.83 ±0.03 cm followed by (1, 4, 3& 2) where they achieved 67.17 ±0.17, 66.57±0.47, 65.70 ±0.06 and 63.67 ±0.08cm, respectively. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between bucks and months of the investigation. The scrotal circumference values showed continuous increase until August (24.32 ± 0.13 cm), where the overall means were 21.00 ±0.19cm at the beginning and 23.63 ±0.16cm at the end of the experiment, where buck (5). Achieved 25.20 ±0.18-25.27 ±0.19 cm followed by buck (4) and (3) where they recorded 24.40 ±0.07, 24.37 ±0.12 cm for both followed by buck (1) 24.36 ±0.07 – 23.96±0.02cm and finally buck (2) 23.22 ±0.07 -22.95 ±0.03 cm during August and September, respectively. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between bucks as well as months of the investigation. In respect to the physical and ultrasonographic measurements of testes and epididyms, the statistical analysis of the obtained data revealed that the testicular length show steadily increase from May to September after that a relatively constant results were recorded, where the overall means of the testicular length were 9.88 ±0.08 vs. 7.79 ±0.13 cm at the beginning and at the end of the study, where buck (5) showed the longest value 9.19 ±0.03cm followed by (4, 2, 1,3), where they recorded 7.94 ±0.02, 7.71 ±0.02, 7.69 ±0.02 and 7.66 ±0.02cm during September, respectively. Concerning the testicular breadth measured by the physical approach the obtained data revealed that the best values were obtained during August and September, where the overall means were 3.15 ±0.09 vs. 4.20 ±0.05 cm at the beginning and at the end of investigation ,respectively , where the buck (5) achieved the high values 4.71 ±0.06 – 4.74±0.08 cm followed by (4, 3, 1 & 2) where they attained 4.63 ±0.04 – 4.57 ±0.09, 4.62 ±0.03 – 4.56 ±0.04, 4.61 ±0.04 – 4.36 ±0.07 and 4.30 ±0.04-4.23 ±0.06 cm during August and September, respectively. The ultrasonographic measurements of testicular breadth were showed a significant increase from July to September although the higher values were noted during August (4.68 ± 0.08 cm), where buck (5) achieved 5.01 ± 0.32 cm followed by bucks (4, 3, 1, 2) where they recorded 4.88 ±0.04, 4.62 ±0.04, 4.51 ± 0.04 and 4.36 ±0.06 cm during August, respectively. Regarding the testicular thickness the best values was observed during August (4.41 ± 0.04 cm), where the overall means were 3.59 ±0.07 vs. 4.16 ±0.04 at the beginning and at the end of study, respectively, where buck (4) achieved the highest values (4.67 ± 0.04 cm)followed by bucks (1, 5, 3, 2), where they recorded 4.49 ±0.04, 4.47 ±0.02, 4.32 ±0.03 and 4.11 ±0.01 cm during August, respectively. The ultrasonographic measurements of testicular thickness, revealed that the higher values were obtained during July and August, where buck (4) showed the highest values 4.68 ±0.03 – 4.73 ±0.04 cm followed by (5, 1, 3, 2) where they recorded 4.43 ±0.05 – 4.59 ±0.02, 4.50 ±0.02 – 4.43 ±0.07, 4.42 ±0.03-4.38 ±0.01, 4.18 ±0.04 – 4.05 ±0.06 cm during the previous two months, respectively. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference bucks as well as between months in respect to testicular (length, breadth and thickness) measured by physical and ultrasonographic approaches. The statistical analysis of the obtained data for testicular volume revealed that it was showed continuous increase from May till reached to the highest value during August 83.42 ±2.02cm3, where the overall means were 35.46 ±1.82 vs. 71.80±2.37 cm3 at the beginning and at the end of the study, where buck (5) achieved the highest value 97.14 ±3.25 – 102.01 ±3.23 cm3followed by (4, 1, 3, 2) where they recorded 88.64 ±1.72 – 86.88 ±2.70, 82.02 ±1.58 – 74.40 ±0.64, 79.62 ±0.66 – 76.46 ±1.58 and 69.67 ±0.61 – 67.91 ±1.71cm3 during August and September, respectively. During the assessment the epididymal growth by using the caliper, was showed that there was steadily increase in epididymal tail length through out the investigation recorded the highest value during November 2.80 ±0.08cm, where buck (3) recorded the greatest value 3.37 ±0.13 cm followed by buck (2. 4, 5 &1) where they recorded 3.03 ± 0.07, 2.54 ± 0.04, 2.54 ± 0.04 and 2.50 ± 0.05 cm, respectively during the same month. In respect to the ultrasonographic measurement of the same previous parameter it had been found that November and December were the best months where bucks recorded 2.75 ±0.08 and 2.74 ±0.12cm where buck (2) achieved 3.26 ±0.08 – 3.30 ±0.02cm followed by bucks (3, 1, 5& 4) where they recorded 3.10 ±0.02 – 3.28 ±0.04, 2.50 ±0.02 – 2.38 ±0.02, 2.42 ±0.01-2.38±0.03 and 2.46 ±0.04 – 2.35±2.35 cm during November and December, respectively. Regarding the epididymal tail diameter the statistical analysis of the collected data revealed that it showed fluctuant results during the investigation, where the overall means were 1.69 ±0.02 vs. 1.95 ±0.03cm at the beginning and at the end of investigation, respectively, where buck (5) achieved the highest value 2.36 ± 0.03 cm followed by bucks (4, 2, 3 & 1) where they recorded 2.05 ± 0.05, 2.01 ± 0.01, 1.97 ± 0.02 and 1.96 ± 0.02 cm during September, respectively. Concerning the statistical analysis of ultrasonographic measurements of epididymal tail diameter it was noted that the highest values were achieved during August and September 2.05 ±0.02 and 2.07 ±0.02cm, respectively. where buck (4) attained the highest values 2.17 ±0.04 – 2.17 ±0.06 cm followed by bucks (5, 3, 1, 2), where they recorded 2.17 ±0.04 – 2.16 ± 0.01, 1.99 ±0.01 – 1.99 ±0.04, 1.98±0.02 – 1.98 ± 0.02 and 1.95 ±0.02 – 2.03 ±0.02 cm during the same two months, respectively. The analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between bucks and months on the measurement of such aspect. The ultrasonographic measurement of the accessory sex glands revealed that they attained the higher values during the first months of the experiment, where there was a significant difference between bucks and months on the measurements of such glands. Regarding the sexual desire of buck, it was noted that there were steadily enhancement of the sexual desire especially during the summer months (July to September), where the overall means of the reaction time were 75.25 ±7.92 vs. 35.33 ±4.10 sec at the beginning and end of the experiment where buck (3) achieved the shortest reaction time 13.40 ±2.25 – 15.000 ±0.00 sec followed by bucks (2, 4, 5 & 1) where they recorded 20.40 ±3.26 – 28.75 ± 7.18, 28.00±1.00 – 23.75 ± 5.57, 44.00 ±5.79 – 56.25 ±7.18 and 48.00 ± 8.89- 76.25 ±10.68 sec during the August and September, respectively, where there were a significant difference betweens bucks and months of the investigation. The ejaculate volume showed the best values during August and September, after that a relatively constant results were noted, where the overall means were 0.38 ±0.03 vs. 0.45 ±0.05 ml at the beginning and at the end of the investigation, where buck (3& 4) achieved the greater volumes 0.61 ±0.06-0.84 ±0.21 and 0.73 ±0.08 – 0.70 ±0.14 ml, respectively followed by (5,1&2) where they attained 0.64 ±0.15 – 0.59±0.11, 0.78 ±0.24 – 0.40 ±0.15 and 0.55 ±0.06 – 0.36 ±0.05ml, respectively where there were a significant difference between bucks but not between the month of the investigation. In respect to the hydrogen ions concentration the present study showed that the buck’s semen tend to had the acidic nature, where the overall means were 7.000 ±0.00 vs. 6.82 ±0.03 at the beginning and at the end of the investigation. where buck (4) achieved the lowest value 6.50±0.12 followed by bucks (1, 2, 5&3) where they attained 6.70 ±0.12, 6.70 ±0.17, 6.85 ±0.05 and 9.85 ±0.05 during July, respectively, where there were a significant difference between bucks and months of the investigation. The sperm mass motility showed steadily increase through out months of the investigation, where they achieved the higher values during July and August 3.90 ±0.12 and 3.96 ±0.04. the overall means were 2.35 ±0.15 vs. 3.76 ±0.13 at the beginning and at the end, respectively where buck (4&2) were achieved the best values 4.25 ±0.25 during July while (5&3) attained the greatest value during August 4.00 ±0.00, while buck (1) showed best values during September 4.00 ±0.00. The individual motility percent was steadily increased, where achieved the higher values during July and August 77.00 ±2.03 and 76.20 ±1.30% where buck (2) attained the attained the best values 82.5 ±2.50 – 79.00 ±1.87% followed by (4, 5, 1 & 3) where they achieved 81.25 ±4.27 – 79.00 ±2.91, 77.50 ±4.30 – 80.00 ±1.58, 73.75 ±5.54 – 69.00 ±2.45, 70.00 ±4.56 – 74.00 ±2.91% during the same two months, respectively where there were a significant difference between bucks and months of the investigation. Regarding the live sperm cell percent the study revealed that it achieved higher values during July, August and September ( 79.75 ±1.80, 78.88 ±1.25% and 77.40 ±1.76%, respectively), where the overall means were 54.70 ±2.88% vs. 71.67 ±1.08 at the beginning and end of the experiment where buck (2) attained the best value during July 85.25 ±4.02%, followed by buck(4) 84.00±4.02%, while buck (5) achieved the greatest value during August 81.06 ±1.66%, while buck (1) attained that during September 80.25 ±2.40%, where there was no significant difference between bucks but there was a significant difference between months of the investigation. The present study revealed that the sperm cell concentration was steadily increase in the period from July to September, where the overall means were 257.45 ±9.95 vs. 298.50 ±6.75 x 107 /ml at the beginning and at the end of the experiment where buck (5) achieved greatest value at September 346.00 ±17.93 x 107 /ml followed by (2 & 3) 325.75 ±19.35 and 327.75 ±18.13 x 107 /ml during the same month while buck (1&4) attained best values during August 342.60 ±11.32, 337.80 ±16.32 x 107 ml, where there were a significant difference between bucks and months of the investigation. The total sperm cell output a steadily increased through out months of the investigation, where the best values were observed during the August and September (188.85 ± 15.77 – 175.41 ± 25.41 x107/ ejaculate) The overall means were 95.72 ± 7.42 vs. 133.13 ± 14.72 x107 / ejaculate at the beginning and at the end of the investigation, where bucks (4 & 3) attained the best values 248.04 ± 33. 18 – 231.86 ± 51.16 , 173.61 ± 16.39 – 278.34 ± 76.51 x107/ ejaculate, respectively followed by bucks (5, 1, & 2) where they recorded 179.06 ± 32.28 – 168.74 ± 49.93, 198.02 ± 57.26 – 105.54 ± 26.15 , 145.53 ± 18.01 – 92.56 ± 16.78 x 107/ ejaculate, during the previous two months ,respectively , where there were a significant difference between bucks and months of the year on the values of such aspect. The statistical analysis of the obtained data revealed that the percent of the sperm cell abnormalities showed a steadily decrease, where the lowest values were recorded during the period from July to August, where the overall means were 14.00 ± 0.66 vs. 12.00 ± 0.30 % at the beginning and at the end of the investigation. where bucks (3, 5 & 2) recorded the lowest value during July (9.50 ± 0.87, 9.50 ± 1.32, 9.25 ± 1.03), while bucks (4 &1) attained the lowest values during August (7.80 ± 1.43, 9.20 ± 1.24%), respectively where there was non significant difference between bucks but there was a significant difference between months of the investigation.