الفهرس 
The origin and family of AmenemhatOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The period of the Twelfth Dynasty has been described as the ”Golden
Age” of Egyptian history. Important political changes and a series of
forceful rulers helped ensure the central government’s authority. The
Twelfth Dynasty had obviously learned from the repeated crises of the
First Intermediate Period, and most notably from the political division
that was contemporary with the rule of the Herakleopolitan dynasty.
The Twelfth Dynasty was founded by Amenemhet I, Mentuhotep IV’s
vizier who worked hard to restore royal prestige. The subsequent rulers of
Amenemhat І were able to build on new foundations and bring Egypt to
its second era of greatness. Its kings moved their capital to ITt-tAwy, or
Lisht in Fayum area. In that fertile region they established extensive
irrigation projects to promote the prosperity of Egypt as a whole. They
reduced the power of the provincial rulers which was curtailed or guided.
Social change was considerable. People had become more conscious of
their rights, and royal policies had to both satisfy and temper this
tendency. Religion was affected: funerary beliefs and rituals once largely
restricted to kings, their immediate family and close followers, spread
throughout all classes. Under the Twelfth Dynasty royal policies
encouraged the growth of a middle class, whose members were buried in
well-furnished tombs and active at cult centers such as Abydos. Osiris,
formerly a royal funerary god, became accessible to all.
Architectural remains were found, such as Kahun or el-Lahun, the
village of laborers and artisans who worked on the construction of the
pyramid of Senwosret ІІ, the only known example of a Middle Kingdom
residential area, a large town which was divided up into zones of better
and poorer housing, reflecting significant socio-economic stratification;
superbly designed fortresses were built in Nubia. This period is
distinguished by extensive military campaigns during the reign of
Senwosret ІІІ that resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the country’s
borders, he also appears to have reformed Egypt’s administration. But the
excellent political organization at home rather than great military feats
abroad was the main achievement.
This family achieved a new peak of prosperity, stability and
development which produced the finest jewellery and the first recorded
IV
literary flowering of Egypt. The Egyptian language reached its peak, it
was an important period for ancient Egyptian civilization, although the
Middle Kingdom lasted far less than either the Old or the New Kingdom.
It can be considered as a period of calm activity during which social and
cultural conditions found the most favorable atmosphere. The kings of
this dynasty seem to have devoted their energies and the resources of the
country to works of public utility, to the digging of canals and reservoirs,
sending many mining and quarrying expeditions to Sinai and to the
Eastern Desert and building fortresses on the southern, north-western, and
north-eastern frontiers of their country to protect it from the sudden
inroads of the nomads.
The history of the Twelfth Dynasty seems to be better known than that
any of other family of Egyptian kings. All the evidence found gives us
information and a mass of historical material such as we do not find a
gain except for the Eighteenth Dynasty. Eight rulers who governed Egypt
from a new residence, ITt-tAwy. It opened with a monarch who was
assassinated (Amenemhat І) and ended with the reign of a woman
(Sobekneferu ).
The study consists of a prelude, an introduction, five chapters and a
conclusion arranged as the following:
Chapter One: this chapter discusses the beginning of the Twelfth
Dynasty including the origin and family of Amenemhat I, his accession to
the throne, his early reign at Thebes, the Egyptian frontiers in the
beginning of the dynasty, the provincial rulers, the residence of ITt-tAwy,
his assassination.
Chapter Two: this chapter focuses on a discussion of the royal
administration in the Twelfth Dynasty including the administrative
system, administrative changes, the nomarchs, national income, Wages
and salaries.
Chapter Three: this chapter focuses on the internal security in the
Twelfth Dynasty including the Egyptian frontiers, law, justice and police.
Chapter Four: this chapter focuses on the public life in the Twelfth
Dynasty including Agriculture and Irrigation, Expeditions to the Mines
and Quarries, and the study of the town of Lahun as a Twelfth Dynasty
Settlement,