الفهرس 
Types of apraxiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Apraxia of Speech is a neurogenic speech disorder
resulting from disturbed motor planning and programming and
manifested by errors of articulation. Impaired articulatory
targeting in AOS results in speech production characterized by
segmental and suprasegmental distortions and that is often
perceived by listeners as “effortful”. Apraxia of speech is linked
to lesions in the following areas: anterior language area, the left
insula, the left frontal and parietal cortex, and the left subcortex
(straiatal, capsular, caudate regions).
There are two major types of AOS: childhood apraxia of
speech (CAS) and acquired apraxia of speech (AAS). AOS is
classified from etiological point of view into: neurological,
complex neurodevelopmental, and idiopathic. Another
classification of AOS categorized symptoms of AOS, in parallel
to types of limb apraxia, into ideomotor, kinetic and ideational
AOS.
Articulatory errors and prosodic
abnormalities are hallmarks of AOS. Clinical
picture of AOS may be any or all the following
salient signs: (effortful trial and error groping with
attempts at self-correction, persistent dysprosody,
articulatory inconsistency on repeated productions
of the same utterance obviously and, difficulty
initiating utterances).