الفهرس 
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Abstract
Selenium (Se) and vitamin E have a complex relationship with each other. Se as trace element is necessary for animal health and protection from diseases. Selenium injection is often used therapeutically rather than prophylactically. Also vitamin E as fat soluble vitamin required for immunity function of animal. Both Se and vitamin E exert similar antioxidant effects in cells, but via independent biochemical pathways and in different locations.
The work objectives:
The present study has been planned to investigate the effect of Se and Vit E injection on reproductive, productive, hematological and biochemical parameters of pregnant and lactating goats and their kids. This study aimed to enhancement of animal health and decreases the stress that occurs during pregnancy and lactation.
Experimental design and investigated parameters:
The study comprised four equal groups from forty eight female Baladi goats aged 2.0 - 3.0 years old. Each group in separate pen and contain 12 animals as follow:
Group (C): was maintained as control group
Group (1): injected with 0.125 mg Se + 1.7 IU vit E/Kg B wt.
Group (2): injected with 0.25 mg Se + 3.4 IU vit E/Kg B wt.
Group (3): injected with 0.31 mg Se + 4.2 IU vit E/Kg B.wt.
The experimental groups (1, 2 & 3) were received two injections; the first at month before breeding season start and the second after the early pregnancy period (3 months after pregnancy). After 3 days postpartum, kids were divided into 4 subgroups according to their mother’s blood Se status, one was maintained as control group, whereas, the other three groups were injected with one of the following injection: 0.125 mg Se + 1.7 IU vit E/Kg Bwt, 0.25 mg Se + 3.4 IU vit E/Kg Bwt. and 0.31 mg Se + 4.2 IU vit E/Kg Bwt. respectively. Blood samples were collected biweekly of the goats groups through vein puncture for the hematological and biochemical studies.
The present work included the following investigations:
Selenium status: Estimation of Se status of feedstuffs, water, serum and milk, as well as the estimation of milk yield.
Reproductive and productive measurement: Determination of reproductive data which include conception rate, kidding rate, prolificacy and average litter size in addition to mortality rate, abortions and stillbirths. In addition, productive traits; birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain and milk yield.
Blood: Estimation of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (Hct), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and differential leukocytic count.
Serum: Determination of serum total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, aminotransferase enzyme activities (AST, ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. In addition, progesterone (P4), estradiol-17β (E2) and thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) levels as well as some minerals (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) parameters.
The results:
Selenium status concentrations: Results of Se concentration in feedstuffs and water were found to be below the recommended level reported for small ruminant by NRC which indicated the necessity of supplementation to sustain body function and animal health. Serum Se content revealed a significant increase in the selenium and vitamin E treated pregnant and lactating goats as compared to control goats. Also, Se concentrations in milk increased in treated pregnant and lactating goats as compared to control groups.
Milk yield: Supplementation of Se and vit E increased the milk yield especially with higher doses in group (3) with remarkable decrease at the end of the experiment.
Reproductive traits: The treatment with Se and vit E caused increase in conception rate, kidding rate, prolificacy and average litter size. However, Se and vit E treated goats exhibited a significant decrease in mortality rate, abortions and stillbirths of pregnant treated goats especially with high doses.
Productive traits: selenium and vitamin E treatment induced a marked improvement of birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain.
Hematological parameters:
Hemoglobin content (Hb): Hb content increased significantly in the Se and Vit E treated pregnant and lactating goats and in the kids groups. This increase was obvious in G3 as compared to G2 and G1.
Hematocrite value (Hct): treatment with selenium and vitamin E exhibited a significant improvement in Hct values in goat groups and their kids as compared to the control especially with the higher dose.
Red blood cells count (RBCs): Selenium and vitamin E treatment of pregnant and lactating goats induced a significant increase in RBCs count as compared to the control and pre-mating groups. Whereas a non significant increase in RBCs count was noticed in 3rd month of treated kids as compared to 1st month and 2nd month treatment.
White blood cells count (WBCs): The treatment with selenium and vitamin E caused a marked increase in WBCs count in the pregnant and lactating goat groups as compared to their control counterparts. The selenium and vitamin E injection didn’t cause any significant change in WBCs count of kids.
Differential leukocytic count: A significant increase was demonstrated in neutrophil count in treated pregnant goats, lactating goats and in the kids treated with Se and Vit E after 2nd and 3rd month as compared to control groups. Female pregnant goats treated with Se and Vit E exhibited a significant decrease in basophil count as compared to the control group. While, late pregnancy treated goats represented a significant increase in its count. Basophil count exhibited a significant increase in treated lactating goats and their kids as compared to the control group. Se and vit E treated pregnant goats showed a decreased in eosinophil count as compared to control groups. Whereas eosinophil count exhibited a nonsignificant changes in treated lactating goats and a significant increase in kids. In all treated pregnant goat groups there was a significant decrease in lymphocyte count as compared to control group. Lymphocyte count exhibited an increased in Se and Vit E treated lactating goats and their kids as compared to control groups. Monocyte counts (M) revealed a significant increase in all treated pregnant goats, lactating goats and their kids as compared to the untreated pregnant and lactating goats.
Biochemical parameters:
Serum total protein (TP): Serum TP levels increased significantly in the treated pregnant goat, lactating goat and their kids groups as compared to control.
Serum albumin: The present study revealed a significant decrease in serum albumin level in goats treated with Se and Vit E as compared to the control group. Treated goats had a significantly higher serum level than the pre-mating group. Moreover, this treatment led to a decrease in serum Alb levels of kids as compared to control group.
Serum urea: Urea level decreased significantly in Se and Vit E treated pregnant and lactating goat groups especially at MP as compared to control groups. Also decrease in its level was also noticed in kids treated with Se and Vit E.
Serum creatinine: Pregnant treated goats showed a marked increase in the creatinine level as compared to premating groups, except slight decrease in MP & LP in G3 and during lactation stages. It was noticed a marked decrease in creatinine level of treated kids with Se and Vit E.
Serum enzymes levels: Treated pregnant goats, lactating goats and kids showed a significant decrease in AST and ALT levels as compared to the control group. ALP level reflected a marked increase after treatment with Se and Vit E in pregnant goats and decreased significantly in the treated lactating goats and kids as compared to control group.
Serum hormones levels: Goats treated with Se and vitamin E exhibited a significant increase in serum P4, E2, T3 and T4 levels. Injection of kids with Se and vitamin E led to an increase of T3 and T4 as compared to control group.
Serum minerals levels: Serum Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu levels in the pregnant and lactating goats and their kids increased significantly in the Se and vitamin E treated groups as compared to untreated and control groups.
Conclusion: In the light of the present study, it could be conclude that administration of selenium and vitamin E increased the selenium status in serum and milk to the recommended levels which enhance and sustain immunity. The increase in milk yield and an improvement of reproductive and productive traits by Se and Vit E administration may be related to the observed increase in Se status. Moreover, there was a modulating effect for there treatments on the hematology of the pregnant and lactating goats. The decline in the serum enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) under the effect of Se and Vit E might have been the result of a direction on the liver of pregnant goats. Following Se and Vit E treatment there was an increase in the serum hormone levels of progesterone, 17β-estradiol, T3 and T4 in pregnant and lactating goats it is also concluded that serum Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu levels were decrease in untreated pregnant goats, whereas an opposite effect was obtained after Se and Vit E treatment of pregnant goats. The present study indicated that Se and Vit E posses an improvement and protective effect on the goats against stress- induced by pregnancy and lactation.