الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Dimitri Von Ott (1901) achieved the inspection of the abdominal cavity using a head mirror and a speculum which was introduced through a small abdominal wall incision. .He also used the same technique to visualize the pelvis by making a vaginal cul-de-sac incision in the patient who was placed in the Trendlenberg position. He later replaced the speculum by a simple spoon like mirror to which t-he fastened his lamp.
Kelling in 1901 laid down the general technical foundations for the contemporary procedure of endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity in dogs. He produced pneumo-peritoneum with a needle using air filtered through a sterile cotton prior to insertion of the main trocar. He then introduced a Nietze cystoscope into the abdominal cavity.
The first report on endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity in human was by Jacobaeus of Stockholm in 1910. He produced pneumoperitoneum by introducing air through a cystoscope trocar sheath and then introduced the cystoscope. It was Jacobaeus who coined the term Laparoscopy in 1910. It would appear from this historical review that while kelling and Jacobaeus are the fathers of Laparoscopy, Ott is the father of what we know to day as minilaparotomy.
Bernheim in 1911 visualized the abdominal cavity in human using a proctoscope. In 1912 Nordentoeft visualized and photographed the female genital organs.
ecavilla (1914) modified the method of Jacobaeus by designing an instrument which permits the source of light to remain outside the abdomen. Strong beam of light is reflected into the trocar tube. An occular which is placed in the direct axis of the tube, but a short distance above it, magnifies the internal illuminating field.
Just as Jacobaeus coined the term laparoscopy in 1910, Ondoff coined the term peritonescopy in 19 20.
Ever since many workers from several countries as Denmark, U.S.A., Russia, Austria,South America, France, Italy and U.K., published several papers on laparoscopy. After more than half a century of investigation, development and improvement in the instrument, technique and illumination, laparoscopy has become an invaluable tool in the field of a high standard gynecological practice. Improved lightening and optical endoscopic techniques have facilitated the observation of organs and cavities which had been difficult to see without extensive surgical procedures.
In the early stages of diagnos’tic laparoscopy applied to gynaecology, the main indication for this examination was evaluation of patients with infertility. The rapid expansion of the use of laparscopy in the past two decades has extended its indications to the clarification of many gynaecologic syndromes. So, it is used to diagnose unknown problems as obscure pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, small pelvic mass,