الفهرس 
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed huge advances in computer technology and communication networks, entailing hard optimization problems in areas such as network design and routing. metaheuristics are general high-level procedures that coordinate simple heuristics and rules to find good approximate solutions to computationally difficult combinatorial optimization problms. they are among the most effective solution strategies for solving optimization problms in practice and have been applied to a very large variety of problms in telecommunications, computer communications, and network design and routing.