الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium which produces seven antigen- specific neurotoxins A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Botulinum toxin type A is the most commonly utilized for ocular purposes. Botulinum neurotoxin blocks neuromuscular transmission thus when injected I.M. at therapeutic doses, botulinum toxin produces a partial chemical denervation of the muscle resulting in localized muscle paralysis. This paralysis is however temporary. The injection takes about two days to start working and usually lasts up to three months. The effect is local to the injection site. Botulinum toxin interferes with neurotransmission not only at the neuromuscular junction but also in the cholinergic autonomic parasympathetic and postganglionic sympathetic nervous system. As such it is increasingly found useful in the treatment of various disorders of the autonomic nervous system. |