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Abstract This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of some hortioul tural and environmental aspects on the grorih and appearance of somegarden elements, as well as ,trees, lawns, hedges, succulent and cacti plants as principle elements in landscape. The study included the effect ot bed orientation on the growth sight under shade or sunlight spot in the garden. The criticism ot so_ garden in foriegn countries and in Egypt was also considered in this work. The most important parts are the following I •.Effect ot plant at.rial on air telBJ)!r&ture 1- Effect of trees: . Trees are the dominant visual elements ot plant materials used to modify air temperature especially in the aird zone climates. They provide shelter from sun burn in &umner,and minim1ze the hot day temperature. This was found to depend on the tree forms and shape at foliage tree 8S well as the density. Par example 2i s1mi- .!:2! edulis cover 22.89 .2 from the ground area and participate by ).75°C in lowering the air temperature. As tor Cassia nodosa cover 21.72 m2from the ground area and participate by 2.200C, but Grevillea robusta tree decrease air temperature by 1.49°C when tree occupied 10.75 .2 from the ground area. However, number at branches, shape of toliage, density and kind of leaves were affected on air temperature. The neeclle leaves tree i.e. Pinus halepensla reduced air temperature by 10.8°C comparedwith ).2°C for broad leaves tree as Ficus elastica. It seams that Coniferous evergreens absorb more sunlight and thus they are very eftect! ve in reducing air temperature arround their spots. As for the tine leaves tree Jacaranda ovalitolia reduced air temperature by 7.1 °C in April. Concerning garden build1Dgs the study proved a reduction ot 9°C indoors, Casimiroa tree shared the buildings in reducing the air temperature by 12.2)OC in August, while Casim1roa tree shared by ).2,3°C as comparedto temperature ot sand walk. Fastigate and Columnar trees act as accental and exclamation point 8 similar to a church steeple on the sk;yline at the country town. Spreading trees not only give the teeling at breadth and extend but also they modify air temperature in different 1J&78 due to the number of branches earried on the tree and- the shape of leaves as well as the method of branching. ’lb.e obtained data i.n this thesis proved the above points. 2- Effect of lawns: During November, Bermudagrass minimized the hot ~ temperature by 1.5°C when the soil humidity was 16.7~. When soil humidity increased to 18.93%, the reduced teaaperature was 4.)8°0. Lawn irrigation decreased air temperature b7 3.4°C compared with the dry lawn which decreased air temperature only by 1.5°C. II. Hedges 1- ~ oriental!s, L.hedge l.l-Effect af short level trimming at 70 ems The establishment of the hedge depended upon the direction of hedge. It was found that South and West direct1aDs were more agreeable to establish short Thuja hedges, since that provided complete seperation of the garden part s. 1.2- Effect of high level trimming at 90 em Thuja shrub added 0.259 m2as a living weil to the hedge exposed to the West direction, South direction createel 0.271 .2 as 11V1Dg greene1’7 in the garden. All d:Lrections of tall trimming increased the shrub width; East and North tall trimmed shrubs showed the largest gap area inbetween. whereas West and South directions gave little gap areas. The sight and screening of the hedge depended upon triDDning level as well as to their direction. 2- Ficus nitida hedge The data for l’icu8 n1tida hedge took similar trend of the 1’l:nlja hedge. However, all transplants should be shortened in early stage of growth to a min:l1lRlm to enhance branch formation. It was proved that increasing planting distance bad a negative correlation with the rate of the hedge furnish1 ng in the garden. J- Lantana camara hedge PrIming of Lantana camara hedge once/year stimulates the basic grQrih at the end of the growing season compared with the frequent pruning. The frequent pruning also increased shoots number to 82 compared to )2 shoots for pruning once/year. Thus low hedge tri””ng produced shorter -and more compact hedges compared to pruning once/ year.4- Duranta plumeria var varigata The growth of hedge grown as low hedge was very slaw, in order to overcome this problem, Pelargomy zonal was planted in the gaps of hedge to complete its beauty. On this ground, it could be emphasized that some flowering perennials could help in creatiDg a lovely scenery and a h@rmoD3e”ffeot if corporated with a slow growing hedge especial17 at the starting years. III. !he contr1.bu.t1on of succulent plants OD. IRlcculgt garden construction aaceulents take several years before they appear their effects on the garden view. Agave plant occupied between 0.)07 m2 - 0.502 m2 from the garden and O.05~- 0.109 m3 at space in the first stage of its creation. The seener,- of succlent plants became large enough to attract the attention of garden visitors in _turing stage. Opuntia vulgaris and Lophocereu8 shotti occupied 6.039 .3 and 0.174 .) respeotive17 from the garden space a·fter (8) ye~s from planting. .ve americapa var Darginata could share by 2.264 .3 from the garden space when the plant facing \fest side, wMla it will share by 2.649 .3 it they taciDg the Bast side of succulent garden. Generally, the growth of succulent s was more larger when the plants were racing the West.direction. The leaves and some branches of succulent plant had to be thiDned in order to allow sunlight to interfere between the plantae The scenery ofdifterent succulent and cactus genera in constructing the garden will vary due to their combination as well &8 the individuality distribution • . If one genus is only used 1t IDB7 create a repeated 8ce- DB17. In formal garden it DI8.7 be useful.IV. The etfect ot p1aDt orientat:1on on the plaat I1”O’!th and 81f51\t .ppearanoe 1- Sal v:1a spleD.dene Shade and sunlight in the g~en can determine the growth and its appearance in the garden, Sal via splendens ~ be grown under shade garden conditiona and it Will show so_ orD8llenta1 growth under such cond1tions. The plant w111 occupy a m-.J.1er area, about 0.581 m2• ~erea8 under full sunlight it will occupy about 0.916 .2. Hence the number of plants needed to blossomin the garden bed or borders has to be perfectly caleal.ated depending on the position in sun or shade. 2- HYbrid Tea Roses Hybrid Tea Roses grown under SUllD3’ conditions occupied 0.635 m2 from the garden. C&1culating the number of ~brid Tea Roses plants needed to cover 10 m2 in a S\lDIQ’ location, it was found to be 15.7 shrubs compared to 20.7 shrubs needed to fulfill the same effect, and sharing by 3.01 m3of a fiOll’ering surface in SUlU1Y location compared to 1.66 .3 in shade one• .In our opinion Floribunda Roses 1II8.T create more effective groups when planted in front bed, in combination with BTbrid Tea Roses. 3- Senecio doria Planting Senecio doria in the garden depends upon the amount of light which will be exposed to them. Shady locations are more suitable to its growth as single speci.- n. Under those conditions, eftr:,y plant creates large size and more vigure end occupies about 1.33 m2• Plant exposed to full sunlight occupies less area of 0.580 m2 in the garden. Also,’ it lEst be planted in combination with flowering annual plants. 4- Dracaena draco Dracaena draco plants g:rown in SUIIDi’ locations completely different from those grown UDder shady condl tione. !he plant creates a strong focal point in’ the . garden with J branches and 410 cmtall trunk. The crown produoes 11 orown divisions. whereas. in Bh.ac17 locations it has only 2 branches, with 340 cmslength trunk. 5- Agaveamericana var marginata Air,aveamericana var marginata 1s preferably grown in S\IDIQ” location in the garden to create a focal point of great visual interest in a ~ corner. The plant occupied about 6.61 .2 in the garden area and shared b7 3.90 m3 for ornamenting the garden. While. plants grown in sh.ads”locations were not too sh~.,.. s, B!aJ.uatioD of Citadel prdens Landscape gardening has an. important role in beautifying touristic areas, the business of landscape gardeniDg not only g1ves our monumentplaces the glorious and beautY’. but also they have not harm or to change their essential characteristics. Plant materials chosen for those places should be connected with their hi8’torioal importance. PaD young palms should be 11ed out in the poole. location to complete the historical panora.a ot the Citadel garden. There are two suggestions for redesigning ot the garden which in tront Citadel gardens facing salah SBlm’s street, the first ~at1on 1sl creating formal. garden or creatiDg Su.coulent garden. Lawns should share in gardens design. The width ot East side lawn is agreeable to create a mixed border facing the Citadel wall. Some harmfUl effects II8Y affect the gardening creation such as ground. water which ~ increase due to use of _ch irrigation which could affect the historical build1ng8~ However. irrigation bY’DROPlets and/or sprinklingmethods could be adopted. To ask more safet,. to 01tade1 constructions. the level. of ground water, and slope of ground BIIlat be examined and a distance of 10-15 mmust be left to surround the C1tadel wall. VI. It!!J.uatJ.ODof the uveloplPnt of Tabr1r sauare prden The development of Tahrir square garden passed b,. different stages froa 1958 to 1988. The distribution of trees was well organised in the period from 1958 to 1964. Although, the garden contained a lax-ge lawn area, but this area was dirtded to man.J’ parts. The des1gDof (1958-1964) contained d1fferentelements of design, lawns, trees and shrubs, but it was lacking the herbaceous plant s which had the colouring effect s. In the second period troll 1964 to 1981 the designer created a formal carpet garden facing Tahrir adminstrative building. The annual and herbaceous plants were used in the different, levels ot beds in the central garden. In the thi.rd period frOID 1983 to 1985 during the constructing ot the under growndmetro, the garden ”ss neglected and becamein a bad statement. All the plants died and its colour changed to yellow brown. However, the trees groups were in a better case since they toleranted the negligence. The newdesign (1988) ot Tahr1r square gardens depended upon the modernlandscape lines, with smooth curving lines. Generally, it could concluded that Tahrir square garden in 1988 is very suitable state, although this arranged is not quite enough to overco_ the ~ture requirement• •VII. Critioi. studies 1D the. prden. 1- ¥he-Khan garden in Shoubre. i’henew 41reotion ot Agha-Khan garden depended upon. 1. Min1m:.1zingthe garden _1ntenance and increasing their parclo% Bize b.Tusing lawn edged b7 short anIDIsl plant 8 as Viola tricolor , - Tropaeolum ~ and Tagetes patula. 2. Providing new garden appearance b7 used palm trees. 3. The cmmeotiDg between garden cles1gn and town plann1 ng. On this ground, the garden could complete thepla.nning .b7 using iron trame around the garden. 2- Evaluation of 80me green area in Cairo streets D1e green, colour decreased in cairo, due to ID8D3’ d1struotioDS of III8JV’ plant materia1s. &lch partition rtIEq lead to poor maintenance and sharp edges of the bed corners whiCh cause IIBD1’ troubles for the n11 aintenance. Gener8.l.17, 1t was noticed that the desigDs and connection of plant -.ter1als in Cairo street. were not well organised, III&D1’ plant materials are grown under untavourable coDditioJllJ which loose the. the cha1w:Le •• and minimize their function in urban conditions. Plant materials in Cairo streets are not properly maintened. Wereoollllllend,using different genera of trees in a vertical and horizontal shapes in landscape design which modify the air temperature especially in hot arid zones keside increasing soil lawn humidity which reflect decreasing the garden air temperature. South and Wes1;directions are more agreeable to establish Thui\!; orientallst Picus nitida hedges, their sight and screening depend upon trimming level as .well as their directions.The low hedge trimming and frequent pruning produce more COJl.P&cthedge.Using some nowering perennials could help in creating a lovely scenery in the garden. The ~.cenery of different combinations’ of succulent genera in suoculent garden 1s more effective than using only’ one. The leaves and some branches of succulents had to be thinned to allow sunlight !Dbetween. Growth, appearance and number of plants 8S well as s.J.via splendens t lfTbrld Tea Roses , DracanaeDa draco and Agave americana were more effective in sunny spots but Senoio doria prerers shady location in the garden. The designer or living landscape must have an entire knowledge of the plants and the long term effect of his design for future maintenance based on the town conditions. |