الفهرس 
VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIAOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
entilator –Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a main
consequence following mechanical ventilation, and
it is associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality.
Intubation considered as an important risk factor in
development of VAP as it provides a direct route for
colonized bacteria to enter the lower respiratory tract. Other
risk factors as inadequate hand washing, supine positioning
of patients, and ventilator mismanagement practices had
been implicated in the development of VAP.
Many diagnostic techniques had been developed to
diagnose VAP as Brochoalveolar-Lavage, protected
specimen brush and quantitative endotracheal aspirates.
Prevention of VAP in the ICU requires a multidisciplinary
approach, with staff education, infection
control programs, adequate staffing and antibiotic control
strategies.
Many organizations promote the adoption of
‗ventilator bundles‘, which include multiple elements that
target reduction in the rate of VAP, one of the most famous
bundles is the CDC bundles which include:
Elevation of the Head Of the Bed (HOB) to 30° to 45°
unless medically contraindicated
Continuous removal of subglottic secretions.