الفهرس 
Introduction
ApitherapyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
The present study was carried out on 24 adult donkeys. The animals were divided into six groups each of four animals. Experimental induced surgical two rounded full-thickness (1.5cm diameter) wounds were performed on the lateral aspect of the metacarpal and metatarsal regions of the four limbs in each animal. The wounds of the first three groups were treated just after wounding. Wounds of the other three groups were left without dressing or bandaging for one week to let them be naturally infected. Different kinds of pure honey (Clover honey, Citrus honey, Flowers honey, Egyptian sidr honey, Hadramout sidr honey, Marjoram honey, Wild herbs honey, Blackseed honey and Blackseed honey with Propolis) were used as a dressing on wounds of three limbs, while the fourth limb was considered as a control one (without treatment).
The wounds were observed grossly and photographed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after treatment where the healing time and wound dimensions were recorded. Specimens from the healed recent surgical and septic wounds were examined histopathologically on day 14 and 28 after treatment. The used honey types and honey with Propolis were evaluated In Vitro where the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Staphylococcus species were recorded. The septic wounds were examined bacteriologically before the treatment days 0 and after 14 and 28.
There was no apparent sign of inflammation or infection in the recent surgical wounds in all honey treated groups. The non treated wound of the control groups showed redness and tenderness on manipulation. The dressing was more adherent to the wound surface in the control wounds than to those treated with honey dressings.
The dimensions of the wounds decreased variantly after treatment with the different honey types. No significant difference was recorded in the other honey treated groups and control group. On day fourteenth after treatment, the dimensions of the honey treated wounds decreased apparently but no significant difference were reported in all wound treated groups and control group.
On day twenty one after treatment, the honey treated wounds decreased in the dimensions with dark pigmentation of the skin surrounding the healed area. Healing occurred from the periphery toward the center. Retardation of wound healing was observed in the control wounds. Dark pigmentation was observed more extensive at the distal part of the treated wound than in the proximal part. Egyptian sidr honey treated wounds showed significant decrease in the dimensions on day 21 after treatment.
On day twenty eight after treatment, the recent surgical wounds treated by Blackseed honey, Wild herbs honey, Clover honey, Flowers honey, Citrus honey, Hadramout sidr honey, Egyptian sidr honey and Blackseed honey with Propolis had complete coverage of the wound surface with granulation tissue and healing, whereas, Marjoram honey treated wounds were not completely epithelialized. Control groups showed delay in the healing process than all honey treated wounds
Egyptian sidr honey only showed very high significant decrease in the dimensions of the recent surgical wounds on the 28th post treatment. Wild herbs honey treated recent surgical wounds showed high significant decrease in wound dimensions. Significant differences were recorded in the dimensions of recent surgical wounds treated by Hadramout sidr honey, Blackseed honey and Marjoram honey. No significant differences were recorded between other honey treated groups (wild herbs honey, Clover honey, Flowers honey, Citrus honey and Blackseed honey with Propolis) and control group.
On day seventh after treatment of septic wounds, the pus was profuse on the septic wounds surface treated with Clover honey and Marjoram honey as well as the control group. While moderate amount of pus accumulated on the wound surface of the other honey treated groups (Flowers honey, Citrus honey, Blackseed honey, wild herbs honey, Hadramout sidr honey, Egyptian sidr honey and Propolis with Blackseed honey).
On day fourteenth after treatment, moderate amount of pus was still present in case of wound treated with Citrus honey and Marjoram honey. In the control groups, the wound was still covered with pus with no decrease in wound size. The wounds were still inflammed, very painful to touch and blood oozes with manipulation. Hadramout sidr honey and Flowers honey treated wounds had high significant decrease in dimensions. The septic wounds treated by Propolis with Blackseed honey, Egyptian sidr honey and wild herbs honey showed significant decrease in the wound dimensions.
On day twenty one after treatment of septic wounds treated by Propolis with Blackseed honey, Egyptian sidr honey and Hadramout sidr honey revealed high significant decrease in the dimensions of wounds. While septic wounds treated with wild herbs honey showed significant decrease in dimensions, Clover honey and Marjoram honey treated wounds showed no decrease in size.
On day twenty eight after treatment of septic wounds completely epithelialization occurred only in one animal wounds treated by Egyptian sidr honey. High significant decrease in the dimensions of septic wound treated by Propolis with Blackseed honey, Hadramout sidr honey and Egyptian sidr honey was observed and revealed a good antibacterial effect on septic wounds than other honey types. Some of the control group wounds revealed accumulation of pus on wound surface with no signs of healing process till the day twenty eight and others showed presence of exuberant hypergranulation tissue.
In recent surgical and septic wounds of some control and Blackseed honey and Flowers honey treated wounds, exuberant granulation tissue was detected and subsided only in the honey treated groups on day twenty one post treatment, while remained in case of the control non treated wounds and interfered with the healing process.
The histopathological examination revealed that all types of honey promote angiogenesis and fibrogenesis of the wounds. The honey had antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect. They had a stimulatory effect that improved the regeneration of the epithelium but with a great variation according to the type of the honey. In recent surgical wounds, the effect was high with Egyptian sidr honey then Wild herbs honey, Blackseed honey, Propolis with Blackseed honey, Hadramout sidr honey, Flowers honey, Clover honey, Citrus honey and Marjoram honey. In septic wounds, the effect was high in Propolis with Blackseed honey then Hadramout sidr honey, Egyptian sidr honey, Flowers honey, Wild herbs honey, Citrus honey, Blackseed honey, Clover honey and Marjoram honey, respectively. The study concluded that Egyptian sidr honey, Hadramout sidr honey and Propolis with Blackseed honey were excellent and efficient for acceleration of healing of both recent surgical and septic full thickness excisional wounds in metacarpal and metatarsal regions.
The bacteriological examination of different honey types and honey with Propolis in vitro revealed that Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Staph. Species was markedly low in case of Propolis with Blackseed honey then Hadramout sidr honey and Egyptian sidr honey. These results are correlated to the clinical and histopathological findings.
The bacteriological examination of wounds showed that Propolis with Blackseed honey then Hadramout sidr honey, Egyptian sidr honey, Wild herbs honey and Flowers honey on day twenty eight after treatment caused complete inhibition of the detected microorganisms.