الفهرس 
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Abstract
Pectus excavatum (PE), also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust, is by far the most common disorder of chest wall formation. Approximately 90% of patients with chest wall disorders have PE. The incidence is 1 in 300 live births. Perctus carinatum (PC), the next most common disorder of the chest wall, is observed in only 7% of patients with chest wall deformities (Scott, 2006).
Several theories exist regarding the cause of PE; however, the etiology remains obscure. The appearance of PE can range from mild shallow defects to defects in which the sternum almost touches the vertebral bodies (Scott, 2006). PE is generally present at birth, or it arises shortly thereafter. It is often progressive; the depth increases as the patient grows (Chamberger et al., 1988).
Controversy exists regarding the indications, timing, and method of repair of PE. Nuss et al., introduced a novel and minimally invasive method of repair in 1998. Their technique has intrigued pediatric surgeons and provoked further discussion among members of the pediatric surgical community about the optimal method of repair (Scott, 2006).
Pectus carinatum (PC) is more common in boys than girls (ratio, 4:1). It typically is apparent at birth and tends to worsen as the child grows. PC is typically thought of as a protrusion of the chest wall (the opposite of PE), but it represents a spectrum of deformities involving the costochondral cartilage and sternum (Scott, 2006).