الفهرس 
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Abstract
Since mankind evolution, people have constructed barriers across rivers and other
watercourses to store, divert water, and to protect their lands. For example, the ancient Egyptians built earth dams that raised the river level and diverted water into canals to irrigate fields above the river. They also built the “Sadd el-Kafara”, which in Arabic means “Dam of the Pagans”, embankment dam to provide drinking water and also to use
in stone extraction for the near alabaster quarries. This dam is one of the oldest civil engineering structures in the world. It was discovered in 1885 near Helwan in Egypt. Engineering efforts to control the Nile started since the Pharaonic epoch, as a fundamental guide to control the Nile flood. The Egyptians learned a method of measuring the height of the Nile known as the Nilometre. Although all Nilometres used
by the Egyptians had a single obvious purpose, to mark the highest point of water level. Recently the idea of controlling and organizing the use of the flooding water in 183(mainly to increase agriculture reclamation in the delta regions) was raised. The idea was rose by Mohamed Ali to construct 2 main barrages on the Damietta and Rosetta branches upstream. This idea did not give a considerable storage of water that matches with the requirements of irrigation water for next years.