الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was conducted in a private orchard located at Abo- El- Riesh Village Aswan district, Aswan Governorate during the consecutive seasons of 2004 and 2005 in which 45 tissue culture derived Bartemoda dry date palms were selected for achieving this study.
This study was conducted to assess the different effects of biofertilization with yeast and effective micro-organisms (EM) at various levels and dates of application on growth, yield and fruit quality of tissue culture derived date palms growing under Aswan conditions.
This experiment included 15 treatments from two biofertilizers namely yeast and effective microorganisms (EM1) at different times and levels of application. Two factors were evolved (A& B). The first factor (A) consisted from three times of applications of yeast and EM1 namely a1) one addition at the first week of June, a2) one addition at the first week of July and a3) one addition at the first week of August. The second factor (B) comprised from five levels and concentrations of both yeast and EM1 namely b1) non- application (treatment with water palms), b2) soil addition of yeast at 5.0 g/palm, b3) soil addition of yeast at 10.0 g./ palm, b4) soil addition of EM1 at 1.0 cm3/palm and b5) soil addition of EM1 at 1.5 cm3/palm. Each treatment was replicated three times, one palm per each.
This experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design in split plot arrangement where the three times of yeast and EM applications and the five doses of both, occupied the main and subplots, respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times, one palm per each.
During the two seasons, the following parameters were measured.
1- Some vegetative growth characters namely height and girth (m.) of palm, number of offshoots/ palm, number of leaflet/ leaf, length and width of leaflet and leaf and area of leaflet and leaf.
2- Yield/ palm (kg).
3- Bunch weight (kg)
4- Number of fruits/ strand.
5- Some physical characters of the fruits namely weight, volume and dimensions (height and diameter) of fruit, percentages of seeds and flesh and flesh/ seeds.
6- Some chemical characters of the fruits namely total soluble solids %, total, reducing and non- reducing sugars %, sugar and total acidity %.
The nearly same obtained data in both seasons could be summarized under the following main items.
1- Some vegetative growth characters:
Growth characters namely height and girth of palm, number of offshoots/ palm and number of leaflet/leaf did not alter considerably with varying dates of yeast or EM1. However, length and width of leaflet and leaf as well as area of leaflet and leaf were materially affected by varying dates of yeast or EM1 application. They were considerably stimulated with using yeast or EM1 at the first week of June, July and August, in descending order. The maximum values were recorded when the palms received one addition of yeast or EM1 at the first week of June. The first week of August application had the minimum values. Biofertilization with yeast at 5.0 to 10.0 g/palm or EM1 at 1.0 to 1.5 cm3/palm materially was accompanied with enhancing length and width of leaflet and leaf area of leaflet and leaf and number of offshoots and leaflet/leaf comparing with unbiofertilization. The promotion was associated with increasing doses of yeast or EM1. Palm height and girth did not vary with yeast and EM1 treatments. A slight promotion on the growth characters was noticed with increasing yeast levels from 5.0 to 10.0 g/palm and EM1 from 1.0 to 1.5 cm3/palm. The maximum values were recorded on the palms that received EM1 at 1.5 cm3/palm.
The maximum values of growth characters were recorded when the palms were received EM1 once at the first week of June at 1.5 cm3/palm.
2- Flowering and yield attributes:
Yield/palm, bunch weight and number of fruits/ strand were greatly affected by varying times of yeast or EM1 application. The best results were obtained when the two biofertilizers were applied at the first week of June, July and August, in descending order. Application of such two biofertilizers at the first week of June surpassed the application at the other dates in improving yield, bunch weight and number of fruits/strand.
Biofertilization with yeast or EM1 was very effective in improving the yield, bunch weight and number of fruits/strand of Bartamoda date palms rather than unbiofertilization. Application of EM1 was superior to the use of yeast in this connection. A slight promotion was detected among the higher two levels from yeast (5.0 or 10.0 g/palm) and EM1 (1.0 or 1.5 cm3/palm). Treating the palms via soil with EM1 at 1.0 cm3/palm gave the best results from economical point of view.
The results were obtained when palms were biofertilized with 1.0 cm3/best palm EM1 once at the first week of June.
3- Fruit quality:
Varying times of yeast and EM1 applications had no material effect on chemical quality parameters namely total soluble solids %, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars and total acidity while had substantial effect on physical characters of the fruits. Physical characters namely weight, volume and dimensions of fruits (height and diameter) as well as percentages of seeds and flesh/seed were greatly varied among the three dates of application. They were improved with using such two biofertilizers at the first week of June, July and August, in descending order.
Biofertilization with yeast or EM1 had a promotive effect on both physical and chemical characters of the fruits comparing with unbiofertilization. The promotion was associated with increasing levels of yeast and EM1. Application of EM1 was superior to the application of yeast in promoting fruit quality.
Conclusion:-
For obtaining an economical yield and improving fruit quality of tissue culture derived Bartamuda date palms growing under Aswan climatic conditions, it is recommended to add 1.0 cm3 EM1 per palm at the first week of June.