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Abstract
6 - The study area lies between 22° 00´ 00’’, 30° 00´ 00’’ N and 32° 50´ 00’’, 29° 50´ 00’’ E and is located in the area which extends from High Dam, Aswan Governorate, to end of Giza Governorate.The current study aims at identifying the changes that occurred on the Nile course and its islands, the changes that affected soil characteristics of the Nile islands as well as landuse/land cover changes. The period of such changes stats at 1972 and ends at 2002 covering 3 decades. Digital Image processing was performed including images preprocessing and image post processing. Image preprocessing included images calibration to reflectance, geometric correction (image to image) and enhancement (contrast stretching, histogram matching and smoothing filter), post processing procedures are data merge, data mosaics for MSS (for the 1972-1973 period), TM (for the 1984-1987 period) and ETM+ (for the 2000-2002 period) data, deriving land surface temperature and change detection analysis. Through the 3 decades covered by the study.Soil survey was performed throughout the investigated islands in order to identify the major landforms and to gain an appreciation of the broad soil patterns and landscape characteristics. The study area was divided into three sectors i.e. Aswan - Qena, Qena- Asuit, and Asuit – Qalubia (end of Giza governorate).These sectors could be summarized as follows : Aswan – Qena sector: The Nile River course has an area of 182.26, 177.61, and 167.81 km2 acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images successively.Differences in area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were decreased by 14.46 km2 (19.29 %). This sector of the Nile includes 86, 92, and 92 islands in data acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images respectively. Differences in islands number among data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were increased by 6 islands (10.17 %) The area of islands that detected in MSS, TM, and ETM+ images was determined by 11527.84, 13520.15, and 8966.98 Fed. successively, representing 24.70, 31.98, and 24.10 % of the total area that related to each image.Differences in islands area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were increased by 2560.86 Fed. (27.06 %). Qena - Assiut sector : The Nile River course has an area of 152.25, 142.15, and 127.48 km2 acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images successively.Differences in area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were decreased by 25.03 km2 (33.40%). This sector of the Nile includes 72, 111, and 76 islands in data acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images respectively.Differences in islands number among data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were increased by 4 islands (6.78 %).The area of islands that detected in MSS, TM, and ETM+ images was determined by 14429.54, 10525.49, and 12950.20 Fed. Successively Differences in islands area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were decreased by 1479.34 Fed. (15.63 %).Assiut – Qalubia sector:
The Nile River course has an area of 209.76, 184.13, and 174.30 km2 acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images successively.Differences in area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were decreased by 35.46 km2 (47.31 %). This sector of the Nile includes 107, 215, and 156 islands in data acquired from MSS, TM, and ETM+ images respectively.Differences in islands number among data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were increased by 49 islands (83.05 %).The area of islands that detected in MSS, TM, and ETM+ images was determined by 20721.07, 18236.43, and 15297.55 Fed. Successively Differences in islands area between data acquired from MSS and ETM+ images were decreased by 5493.52 Fed. (54.31 %).
Overall changes : The overall change in Nile course area decreased by 74.95 km2 in the investigation period.The total number of the islands was increased by 59 islands, meanwhile the islands areas were decreased by 9463.72 Fed. Ten representative islands were chosen that the soil patterns in the studied islands were represented.Change detection of soil characteristics from 1989-2009.Such change is a comparison between soil data of area reported elsewhere (Zalulu, 1989) and data carried out in the present study.Aswan island: The study of the dataset changes revealed that, EC of Aswan island soils was increased from 1.38 to 1.42 dS/m. Increment of salinity may be due to adding synthetic fertilizers. Ca CO3 content behaves the same trend of salinity as it increased from 31.4 to 31.5 g/kg., ESP decreases from 4.10 to 2.30, this may be owing to some gypsum additions. OM content increased from 10.2 to 12.7 g/kg due to the addition of organic materials for these cultivated soils.Regarding macro nutrients, nitrogen content increased from 14.00 to 32.00 mg/kg., phosphorus content increased from 14.06 to 26.00 mg/kg. In the same manner, the potassium content increased from 92.46 to 344.00 mg/kg. On the other hand micro nutrients abundance revealed that, iron content decreased from 488.37 to 30.00 mg/kg., zinc content decreased from 5.92 to 4.40 mg/kg., manganese content decreased from 17.37 to 13.60 mg/kg. And cupper content decreased from 9.77 to 4.00 mg/kg. This may be due to excessive plant uptake without sufficient fertilizers compensation.Mansoryia island : The study of the dataset changes revealed that, EC of El Mansoryia island soils was increased from 1.29 to 1.32 dS/m. Increment of salinity may be due to adding synthetic fertilizers, Ca CO3 content behaves the same trend of salinity as it increased from 45.4 to 45.7 g/kg, ESP decreased from 3.45 to 2.12., OM content increased from 4.4 to 5.7 g/kg due to the addition of organic materials for these cultivated soils. Regarding macro nutrients, nitrogen content increased from 18.00 to 34.00 mg/kg., phosphorus content increased from 4.74 to 24.00 mg/kg., potassium content decreased from 493.40 to 250.00 mg/kg. On the other hand micro nutrients abundance revealed that, iron content increased from 18.04 to 20.00 mg/kg., zinc content decreased from 3.38 to 2.80 mg/kg., manganese increased from 9.03 to 10.00 mg/kg., cupper decreased from 6.19 to 2.00 mg/kg.El Doam island : The study of the dataset changes revealed that electrical conductivity EC of El Doam island soils was increased from 1.13 to 1.17 dS/m. calcium carbonate content Ca CO3 increased from 16 to 16.2 g/kg. While the Exchangeable Sodium Percent ESP change could not be estimated because of the lack of the ESP content from the first data set. The Organic matter content (OM) content increased from 0.69 to 1.25%. For macro nutrients, Nitrogen content did not changed as it is 19.00 mg/kg. Phosphorus content increased from 4.86 to 20.00 mg/kg. Potassium content increased from 194.35 to 203.00 mg/kg. For micro nutrients, Iron content decreased from 43.16 to 20.00 mg/kg. Zinc content increased from 1.30 to 2.80 mg/kg. Manganese decreased from 3.90 to 3.40 mg/kg. Cupper decreased from 5.11 to 0.60 mg/kg. Naqnaq island: The study of the dataset changes revealed that, EC of Naqnaq island soils was increased from 1.54 to 1.66 dS/m., Ca CO3 increased from 27.3 to 27.5 g/kg., ESP increase from 3.66 to 4.79, OM content decreased from 6.4 to 5.6 g/kg. Regarding macro nutrients, nitrogen content increased from 14.00 to 37.00 mg/kg. , phosphorus content increased from 2.90 to 19.00 mg/kg., potassium content increased from 164.50 to 360.00 mg/kg. On the other hand micro nutrients abundance revealed that, iron content increased from 27.22 to 50.00 mg/kg., zinc content increased from 0.66 to 2.80 mg/kg., manganese increased from 13.07 to 14.40 mg/kg., cupper increased from 2.10 to 3.20 mg/kg. This may be due to excessive plant uptake without sufficient fertilizers compensation.El Nosairat island : The study of the dataset changes revealed that, EC of El Nosirat island soils was decreased from 0.4 to 0.08 dS/m., Ca CO3 increased from 26.9 to 27.1 g/kg., ESP decreased from 5.57 to 1.28., OM content increased from 6.3 to 4.8 g/kg. Regarding macro nutrients, nitrogen content increased from 31 to 168 mg/kg., phosphorus content increased from 7.59 to 12.00 mg/kg., potassium content increased from 138.60 to 141.00 mg/kg. On the other hand micro nutrients abundance revealed that, iron content increased from 6.21 to 30.00 mg/kg., zinc content increased from 0.92 to 2.80 mg/kg., manganese increased from 1.71 to 10.20 mg/kg., cupper decreased from 6.00 to 0.99 mg/kg. Gerga island: The study of the dataset changes revealed that, EC of Gerga island soils was increased from 1.09 to 1.16 dS/m., Ca CO3 increased from 12.01 to 12.06 g/kg. , ESP change could not be estimated because of the lack of the ESP content from the first data set. OM content increased from 7.2 to 13.0 g/kg. Regarding macro nutrients, nitrogen content decreased from 29.00 to 7.00 mg/kg., phosphorus content decreased from 32.00 to 9.78 mg/kg., potassium content increased from 110.00 .