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Abstract Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a urinary tract anomaly that affects approximately 1% of children and is a significant risk for the development of long term renal damage. VUR is commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), and subsequent reflux of infected urine leading to pyelonephritis, renal scarring, long term renal impairment and hypertension. Given the potential for serious long term complications, early diagnosis and treatment are of principal importance in children with this condition. Treatment options for VUR include conservative medical management or surgical management. The aim of treatment is to prevent associated recurrent UTIs and subsequent renal damage and scarring. Over the last 3 decades, endoscopic treatment of VUR has secured a position in the treatment algorithm as an alternative to conservative therapy and open surgery. It has gained popularity due to its simplicity and convenience to patients. It continues to evolve as new materials are being developed in an attempt to find the ideal substance for this technique. Most recently a Dextranomer/Hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) copolymer was developed and approved by the FDA in the USA for use in treatment of children with VUR. In this study, we investigate the efficacy, short term and intermediate term results of the Dx/HA copolymer injection versus one of the open surgical gold standard techniques, the extravesical detrusorrhaphy, in the management of grades II-III of primary VUR in children. |