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Abstract
The first chapter: ”The Background” traces the multicultural background of American society, and consists of three main sections: ”Red-Indians”, ”African-Americans” and ”Hispanic-Americans”. The essential points, raised in each section, revolve around the historical backgrounds of Linda Hogan’s; Maya Angelou’s and Julia Alvarez’s lives, the influences causing them to be feminist poets and the literary influences on them.
The second chapter: ”The Experience of Displacement” defines the term ”Displacement”, dealing with how this experience is reflected in the poetry of Hogan, Angelou and Alvarez on six major levels, namely: the historical, the economic, the social, the psychological, the feminist and the linguistic.
The third chapter: ”Identity and Heritage” defines the concepts of ”resistance” ”identity” ”pluralism”and ”deculturalization or assimilation”. It traces the concept of duality of heritage within the framework of ”the politics of the in-between” in the poetry of Hogan, Angelou and Alvarez on three levels: the mythological, the historical and the feminist. The chapter shows that through the employment of legends, the three poets utter their negative cultural confusion, and later on their positive aspiration for a better psychological self-fulfillment. Secondly, it points out that on the one hand, their imagery asserts the concept of their ancient historical identity. On the other hand, it conveys their double attempts at identity assertion, and their ability to survive this duality through the theme of ”betweenness”. Thirdly, the chapter handles issues of women’s concerns, using the old feminine heritage to reflect a strong feminist identity. Hence, this chapter proves the falsity of Spivak’s concept that the ”subaltern cannot speak”.
The fourth chapter: ”The Promise of Tomorrow” compares the two concepts of ”racial identity” and ”national identification”, then proceeds to examine the poetry of Hogan, Angelou and Alvarez on three levels: the political, the feminist and the spiritual. It mirrors the concepts of ”transcultural dialogue”, ”Feminist Geography” and ”Feminist Utopia” in their poetry. It shows how Hogan has fused Native and Christian
elements, while Angelou and Alvarez have used Christian heritage to reflect the themes of ”peace”, ”love” and ”forgiveness”. ”Conclusion” provides an assessment of the findings of the thesis. After summing up the meaning of the issues raised, it moves on to give an evaluation of the results of this critical research, chapter by chapter. It ends up with a general commentary, focusing on the similarities and differences among the three poets, concerning their imagery, tone, language, form and sound.